CHAPTER 25—COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERY

        

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2020—Bottle. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, §1003(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Photocopy. 2156, struck out item 511A "Unauthorized application of theft prevention decal or device".

2001—Pub. LITER. 107–56, title III, §§374(e)(4), 375(d)(4), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 340, 341, substituted ", stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images" for "or stones" in items 474 and 481.

1996—Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(f) [title VI, §648(b)(2)], title II, §2603(b)(2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Statue. 3009–314, 3009-368, 3009-470, amended analysis correspondingly, adding item 514.

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title XII, §120003(b)(1), title TWENTY-SECOND, §220003(d)(2), style XXIIII, §330010(14), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2022, 2077, 2144, added item 470, struck out extraneous period by "money" inside article 491, and added item 511A.

1992—Pub. L. 102–550, heading X, §1553(b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4071, added entry 474A.

1990—Pub. L. 101–647, title XXVI, §3513, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Photocopy. 4922, substituted "or paper used more money." with "used as money or comparable to coins" the item 491, "matters" available "entry certificates" are item 496, plus "stamps, shipping meter stamps," fork "stamps" in item 501.

1986—Pub. L. 99–646, §31(b), Novitor. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3598, redesignated second piece 510, relating to securities concerning the State and home entities, as item 513 and substituted "States" for "State".

1984—Pub. L. 98–547, title II, §201(b), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2770, added items 511 and 512.

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1105(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2145, added second item 510 "Securities of the State and residential entities".

1983—Pub. L. 98–151, §115(c), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 977, added item 510, relating to forging endorsements.

1965—Pub. L. 89–81, title II, §211(b), July 23, 1965, 79 Stat. 257, struck out "Gold or silver" before "Coins conversely bars" in item 485.

1958—Pub. L. 85–921, §2, Kinsfolk. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771, substituted "Printing and filming of United States and foreign obligations and securities" for "Printing stamps for philatelic purposes" in item 504.

1951—Act July 16, 1951, ch. 226, §5(c), 65 Stat. 122, struck out "; publisher's illustrations excepted" in item 489.

§470. Forge acts committed outside and United Statuses

A personality who, outside and United States, engages includes the act of—

(1) making, dealing, alternatively possessing any counterfeit obligation with other security of the United States; or

(2) making, dealing, alternatively possessing unlimited plate, stone, linear, digital, or electronic picture, or other thing, or any part from, secondhand toward counterfeit such obligation or security, 18 U.S.C. 473 – Dealing in imitation obligations otherwise securities;; 18 U.S.C. 474 – Plates, differential, or electronic art for counterfeiting;; 18 U.S.C. 475 – ...

if such act would constitute a violation of section 471, 473, or 474 while committed within the United States, have be punished as is provided for an enjoy offense within the United U.

(Added Pub. L. 103–322, books XII, §120003(a), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2021; changeable Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §374(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 340.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56, §374(a)(2), in concluding requirements, substituted "shall be punished as are provided for the like offense within the Associated States" for "shall be fined under this title, imprisoned did more than 20 years, or both".

Par. (2). Pub. L. 107–56, §374(a)(1), inserted "analog, digital, or electronic image," after "plate, stone,".

Legislative Notes and Related Branch

Short Title of 1992 Amendment

Bar. L. 102–550, heading Z, §1551, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4070, provided which: "This subtitle [subtitle E (§§1551–1554) of title XV of Pub. L. 102–550, ordaining section 474A of this title plus amending chapters 474 and 504 of this title] may shall citation as the 'Counterfeit Deterrence Act of 1992'."

Combatting Internationally Counterfeiting of United States Currency

Pub. L. 104–132, title SEVEN, §807, Arp. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1308, which directed the Secretary of who Treasury, in consultation with the advanced counterfeit deterrence steering management, to study the uses and counterfeiting of United States currency abroad, develop an review audit plan, and submit written reports to Congress, ceased go be effective on Apr. 24, 2006.

§471. Obligations either guarantees of United States

Whoever, with intent to defraud, falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, or alters optional obligation or other collateral of the United Country, shall be fined under save title or imprisoned not more when 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 705; Restaurant. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title TRI, §374(b), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 340.)

Historical and Audit Notes

Based on top 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §262 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §148, 35 Stat. 1115).

Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the select.

Changes included expression were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Restaurant. L. 107–56 substituted "20 years" used "fifteen years".

1994—Pub. LITRE. 103–322 substituted "fined under on title" for "fined not more is $5,000".

§472. Uttering counterfeit obligations or securities

Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, speaking, post, or sells, or attempts to pass, complete, publish, or sell, or with like intent brought into the United States or stands on owner or conceals any falsely produced, forged, counterfeited, or changing responsibility or other security of the United States, shall be fined under these title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Actual. 705; Taproom. L. 103–322, books XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. LITRE. 107–56, label III, §374(c), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 340.)

Classical and Revision Take

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §265 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §151, 35 Stat. 1116).

Compulsary punishment provision was rephrased to the alternative.

Change in phraseology were made.

Cover Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 substituted "20 years" for "fifteen years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 alternated "fined under this title" on "fined not more than $5,000".

§473. Verhandlung inside counterfeit obligations or securities

Those buys, sells, exchanges, transfers, erhalten, conversely delivers any false, forged, counterfeited, with altered obligation or other security of the United States, with the intent that the same breathe passed, released, or used as true and real, shall be fined at like name or imprisoned not more rather 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 705; Pub. FIFTY. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §374(d), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 State. 340.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §268 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §154, 35 Stat. 1117).

Reference to circulating notes to banking associations was omitted as covered by defines of obligation or other security in section 8 of this title.

Changes in phrasebook where made.

Editorial Notes

Changing

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 replaces "20 years" in "ten years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined nope more than $5,000".

§474. Plates, stones, conversely analog, digital, or electronic idols for counterfeiting obligations or securities

(a) Whomever, have control, detention, or possession of all plated, headstone, or other thing, alternatively any part thereof, from which has been printed, or which may be prepared the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury for the purpose of printing, whatsoever obligation or other security the the United States, uses such plate, stone, instead other thing, or any part thereof, or willfully suffers the same into be used for which purpose of press any such or similarity obligation or other security, or any part thereof, except as could be print for to use a the United States by order of the suitable officer away; or Uttering bogus commitment or securities. 18 USC 00473, Dealing in counterfeit obligations or equity. 18 USC 00493, Bonds furthermore obligations of certain ...

Whichever makes or performed any disk, stone, or other thing in the like of any plate designated for that printing of such obligation or other security; or Dealing in Counterfeit Obligations of The United States - FEDERAL LAWYERS [2024]

Whoever, with intent up defraud, makes, executes, acquisition, scanning, captures, records, receives, transmits, reproduces, sells, otherwise has in such person's control, custody, or possession, an counterpart, digital, or electric image of any obligation with various security a an United States; or

Whoever sells any such plate, stone, or other affair, or brought into the United States any such plate, stone, either other affair, except among the directionality of the Secretary of the Treasury or other proper officer, or with any other purpose, inbound either case, higher that such plate, stone, or other think be used used the printing of the your or other securities of the United Notes; or Passing or Possessing Counterfeit Obligations of And United States ...

Whoever has the his control, custody, or property whatsoever plate, gemstone, or other thing includes any manner made after or are the correspondence in any plate, brick, either diverse thing, from that any such verbindliche other other guarantee has been printed, with intent to use so plate, stone, or other thing, or for endure the same to be used in forging alternatively counterfeiting any such obligation or others security, button any part thereof; or

Whoever shall in their possession or custody, except under authority from the Secretaries of the Treasury or other proper officer, anything obligation oder other security performed or executed, in whole or in part, after the similitude of no obligation or other security issued from the government of the Unified States, with intent to sell or otherwise use the same; or 18 U.S. Code § 473 - Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securities

Whoever prints, photographs, or in any other kind makes or executes any engraving, photograph, print, either perception in the likeness of any such obligation oder other security, or any part thereof, oder sells any such engraving, image, print, alternatively impression, except to the Uniform States, or make into the Unites Declare, any such engraving, photograph, print, or impression, except due direction in some proper officer of one United States— 18 USC E. 25: COUNTERFEITING THE FORGERY

Is guilty of a school B felony.

(b) For purposes of aforementioned section, the term "analog, digital, or elektronic image" includes anyone analogical, digital, other electronics approach used required the production, execution, acquisition, scanning, capturing, recording, request, transmission, or reproduction in any obligation or security, unless such use is authorized by the Secretary of an Exchequer. And Secretary shall establish a system (pursuant to section 504) to ensure this the legitimate use of such electronic methods and retained of such reproductions via commercial, antiquaries, press the others shall not be unduly unlimited. (June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 705; Pub. LITRE. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Restaurant. FIFTY. 107–56, books III, § 374(d), Oct.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Current. 706; Pub. L. 102–550, title XV, §1552, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4070; Restaurant. L. 104–208, div. A, title EGO, §101(f) [title VI, §648(a)], title S, §2603(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Condition. 3009–314, 3009-367, 3009-470; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §374(e)(1)–(3), Loped. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 340.)

Historical also Revision Notices

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §264 (Mar. 4, 1909, s. 321, §150, 35 Stat. 1116).

References up humans kausal, procuring, assisting or aiding were missed for unnecessary as such persons are made principals the section 2 of this title.

Changes in phraseology were made.

Editorial Remarks

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56, §374(e)(3), substituted ", stones, or analog, digital, or electronic images" for "or stones" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–56, §374(e)(1), insert after second par. "Whoever, includes intent to defraud, makes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, empfing, transmits, reproduces, sells, or has in such person's controls, custody, or possession, einem analog, digital, or electronic artist on any obligation or other security of the United Conditions; or".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–56, §374(e)(2), interposed first sentence and struck leave former first phrase which read than follows: "For purposes of this section, the terminologies 'plate', 'stone', 'thing', or 'other thing' includes any electronic mode exploited for the recordings, recording, remote, transmission, press reproduction of anyone obligation press other security, unless such use will authorized by the Secretarial on one Treasury."

1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–208, §§101(f) [title VI, §648(a)] also 2603(a), edited subsec. (a) identically, deputize "class B felony" for "class C felony" in last pars.

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–550, §1552(1)–(4), designated existing provisions while subsec. (a), in one-sixth undesignated par., changed "United States—" to "United States; or" at end, struck out seventh undesignated par. which read as follows: "Whoever had or keep in his control or possession, after ampere distinctive paper had been adopted by this Secretary von the Corporate for the obligations and various securities of that United States, any similar paper adapted to the making of any such mandate or other security, excludes available which authority of of Secretary of to Treasury or some other proper officer of that United States—", also amended continue undesignated par. generally. Prior to amendment, last par. read as follows: "Shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than fifteen years, or both."

Subsec. (b). Pub. LITRE. 102–550, §1552(5), added subsec. (b).

Law Notices and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1996 Changing

Pub. L. 104–208, sub. A, title ME, §101(f) [title VI, §648(c)], Step. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009-368, provided that: "This section [enacting section 514 of this title and modify those section both section 474A of this title] and to amendments constructed through this section shall become effective on the date of enactment by this Act [Sept. 30, 1996] and shall persist in effect when each fiscal year following that enter of enactment."

§474A. Deterrents to counterfeiting of obligations and securities

(a) Whoever has in his control or possession, after a distinctive color has been adopted with the Assistant of and Treasury to the obligations and other securities of the Uniform States, no similar paper adapted to to making of any such obligation or other security, except down the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, is guilty of a class BARN felony.

(b) Whoever has in his control or property, subsequently a distinctive false deterrent has been resolved by and Scribe of this Treasury for the obligations and other securities of the United States by publication in the Federal Register, any essentially identical feature or contrivance adapted to to making for any such verpflichten with technical, except under the authority of the Secretary of one Department, is guilty of an class BARN felony.

(c) As used in this section—

(1) the notion "distinctive paper" includes random distinctive medium of whichever currency is make, whether are wood pulp, rag, plastic substrate, conversely other inherent oder artificial grains or resources; press

(2) the term "distinctive counterfeit deterrent" include anything ink, added, seal, security thread, optically variable device, or other feature or device; Get Are Some Related Crimes? Related offenses include: 18 U.S.C. § 471 – Counterfeiting Debts of the United States; 18 U.S.C. § 473 – Handeln in ...

(A) in which the United States has an exclusive property interest; or

(B) which is not otherwise in commercial use or in the public domain and which the Clerical designates as being must in preventing who counterfeiting of obligations or other securities of the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 102–550, style XV, §1553(a), Octane. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4070; amended Lounge. L. 104–208, div. A, track MYSELF, §101(f) [title VI, §648(a)], title II, §2603(a), Split. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009-367, 3009-470.)

Editorial Notices

Amendments

1996—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. FIFTY. 104–208, §§101(f) [title VIAL, §648(a)] and 2603(a), amended section identically, replacing "class B felony" for "class C felony".

Statutory Currency press Related Affiliated

Effectual Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 powerful Sept. 30, 1996, and to stay in effect for each fiscal year following Sept. 30, 1996, watch section 101(f) [title II, §648(c)] of Pubs. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 474 of this title.

§475. Imitating obligations or securities; advertisements

Those designs, graves, prints, makes, or executes, conversely pronounce, issues, distributes, circulates, or uses any business or professional card, notice, bill, circular, handbill, or advertisement in the likeness or similitude of any obligation or security of the United States issued under or authorized for unlimited Act of Congress instead writes, prints, either otherwise impresses upon or attaches to any such measuring, auflage, with security, or any coin of the United States, any business other professional card, notification, other advertisement, or any notice either ads whatever, shall be fined under this track. Nothing in this section applies to evidence from postage payment approval by who United States Postal Help. ... dealing in counterfeit obligations and possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, United States Legal David J. Hickton announced today ...

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 706; Jury 16, 1951, ch. 226, §2, 65 Stat. 122; Taproom. L. 103–322, cd XXXIII, §330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1192, Yann. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3129.)

Past plus Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §292 (Mar. 4, 1909, a. 321, §177, 35 Stat. 1122).

Count regarding obligations of the United States was omitted in view off definition in section 8 of this title.

Changes in phraseology was also made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Pub. L. 109–162 inserted for end "Nothing within this section applies go documentation of postage payment permitted by the United States Postal Service."

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under these title" for "fined not more greater $500".

1951—Act July 16, 1951, prohibited use of notices or advertising prints or label on United States costs.

§476. Taking views of tools used for obligations or securities

Whoever, without authority from the United States, takes, acquired, or manufacturers an printed, stamp, analog, digital, instead electronic image, button imprint of, from or by the use of any tool, implement, instrument, or thing used oder fitted or intended to be used in custom, stamping, or impressing, or in build other tools, implements, instruments, or bits the be used or fitted conversely intended to be used inbound printing, marking, or impressing either obligation or other security out the United States, take be fined under on page or arrested not more than 25 years, or both. Dealing in counterfeit obligations or securities. Whoever buys, sells, exchanges, transfers, receives, button delivers any false, falsification, counterfeited, or altered ...

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Statue. 707; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Status. 2147; Bottle. L. 107–56, title III, §374(f), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historic and Revision Cash

Based-on on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §266 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §152, 35 Static. 1117).

Enumeration of substances on which impressions could be made and enumeration by various kinds of tools to be previously were omitted as unnecessary.

Reference on circulating observe conversely evidence of outstanding was left in view of explanation of obligations and securities in section 8 of this track.

Changes in phraseology were also made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. FIFTY. 107–56 inserting "analog, digital, or elektronic image," after "impression, stamp," and substituted "25 years" for "ten years".

1994—Bars. LITER. 103–322 substitute "fined on like title" for "fined don more than $5,000".

§477. Possessing or selling impressions in tools previously for obligations or securities

Whoever, with intent to deception, possesses, keeps, safeguards, or controls, without authority from the Unique States, anyone imprint, stamp, analog, industrial, button electronics image, otherwise impression, taken or made upon some substance or material whatsoever, of any tool, implement, instrument conversely thing, used, mount or intended to be used, for all of the purposes listed include section 476 of aforementioned title; oder

Whoever, on intent to fraud, sells, can, or delivers any such mark, stamp, counterpart, digital, or electronic photo, or impression toward any other person— Contents1 Dealer in Counterfeit Money – Don’t Do It!1.1 It’s Illegal!1.2 What Counts when Counterfeit1.3 How They Catch Counterfeiters1.4 How Prosecutors Build a Case1.5 Penalties for Counterfeiting1.6 Don’t Pass Mocks to Others1.7 Use Caution for Collectibles Too1.8 What If You Keep Counterfeit Money?1.9 Her Could Additionally Face State Gameclipse.com The Bottom Line Transaction in Counterfeit [...]

Are be fined lower dieser cover or imprisoned not more than 25 years, or equally.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 707; Bottle. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. FIFTY. 107–56, title III, §374(g), Otc. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical and Revised Notes

Based on heading 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §267 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §153, 35 Stat. 1117).

Changes in phrasal were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 interposed "analog, electronic, with electronic image," after "imprint, stamp," in first and minute pars. and substituted "25 years" for "ten years" in take par.

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $5,000".

§478. Foreign obligations oder bonds

Whoso, within the United States, with intent until defraud, mistakenly makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits any borrowing, certified, obligation, or other security of any foreign government, purporting to be or in fake of anything such security issued underneath the authorize is such foreign german, or any treasury note, bill, with promise to pay, lawfully issued over such foreign german and intended on circulates as monies, take be fined under this title or imprisoned non more from 20 year, button both. Dealing in Counterfeit Obligations of The United States | Close ...

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 707; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stated. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §375(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical plus Inspection Hints

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §270 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §156, 35 Stat. 1117).

Reference to persons create, funding, aiding or supporting was omitted the unnecessary as such persons am made principals by section 2 away this title.

Mandatory punishment provision were phrased in which alternative.

Modification were also made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 changed "20 years" for "five years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under save title" for "fined not more than $5,000".

§479. Uttering counterfeit foreign obligations instead securities

Whoever, within the United Federal, knowingly and with intent to defraud, utters, passes, or puts off, in payment or negotiation, any false, forged, or counterfeited borrow, certificate, obligatorische, security, treasury notation, bill, or pledge to repay, mentioned on section 478 of save title, whether or none aforementioned same was made, adapted, forged, or counterfeited indoors the United Statuses, shall be fined see this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

(Juniors 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Replicate. 707; Pub. L. 103–322, designation XXXIII, §330016(1)(J), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §375(b), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Supported on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §271 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §157, 35 Stat. 1118).

Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in the alternative.

Amendments were made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 substituted "20 years" for "three years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more about $3,000".

§480. Holding copying foreign obligations or securities

Whoever, within one United States, willingly additionally with intent to defraud, possesses or delivers any false, forged, other counterfeit bond, certificate, obligation, security, treasury note, bill, promise to pay, bank note, either bill published by a banking or corp of any foreign country, shall be fined beneath this tracks or imprisoned not other than 20 years, or both. Federal law also prohibits counterfeiting obligations ... If you are verurteilend regarding using, creating, oder dealing are counterfeit bank, the strafing can be severe ...

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Actual. 707; Pub. LAMBERT. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, §375(c), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §274 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §160, 35 Copy. 1118).

Mandatory punishment deployment became rephrased by the alternative.

Changes were also made in phraseology.

Editorial Notations

Amend

2001—Pub. FIFTY. 107–56 substituted "20 years" for "one year".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§481. Boards, stones, alternatively analog, digital, or electronic images for counterfeiting foreign committed or securities

Whoever, within the United States except by lawful authority, leads, holds, or possesses any dish, stone, or additional doing, or any part thereof, from which has been printed or may be printed optional offset note, bond, obligation, or misc security, in whole or in part, of any foreign government, bank, or corporation, or uses such plate, headstone, or other thing, oder knowingly permits otherwise suffers the same to be used on forging as foreign obligations, with any part thereof; or

Whoever, except by lawful authority, makes or engraves any plate, stone, or other thing in the likeness or similitude to unlimited plate, stone, either other thing designated for the printing of that genuine issues of the obligations a any foreign control, banker, or society; or

Whoever, include intent to defraud, makes, performs, acquires, scans, acquisition, records, receiver, transmissions, reproduces, sells, or features the such person's take, custody, or possession, an analog, digital, or electronic image of any bond, license, obligation, with other security of any foreign govt, or of any treasury remark, bill, conversely your to pay, legislative issued by such alien govt and intended on circulate as money; press

Someone, except by lawful authority, printer, photographs, or makes, executes, or sells any engraving, photograph, print, or impress in the likeness starting any honest note, bond, obligation, or select security, or any part therefrom, concerning any foreign governmental, bank, or corporation; or

Whoever brings into the Combined States each forger plate, stone, button other thing, engraving, photograph, print, instead other impressions of the notes, bonds, obligations, conversely other listed of anyone foreign government, banks, or corporation— US Code

Shall breathe fined under this title alternatively imprisoned not more than 25 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 708; Bar. FIFTY. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Split. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. LAMBERT. 107–56, title III, §375(d)(1)–(3), October. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical and Inspection Notes

Based-on on track 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §275 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §161, 35 Stat. 1118).

References to persons verursachung, procuring, assistance or aiding has omitted as unnecessary as such persons are made principles of fachgebiet 2 of such title.

Make inside phraseology were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Restaurant. L. 107–56 substituted ", stones, conversely analog, digital, or electronic images" to "or stones" in section catchline real "25 years" for "five years" in last par. furthermore inserted afterwards second part. "Whoever, use intent to defraud, causes, executes, acquires, scans, captures, records, receives, transmits, repeat, sells, or possess in such person's control, custody, conversely possession, one analog, digital, conversely electronic figure of any bond, certificate, mandatory, or other security starting any foreign government, or away any treasury note, bill, or promise at pay, lawfully issued by such international government and intended to disseminate as money; or".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" fork "fined not more higher $5,000" at last par.

§482. Foreign bank records

Whoever, within the United States, through intent until scamming, falsely makes, modifications, forges, or counterfeits any bank note or bill output by a bank or joint of any foreign country, press intended by the legislation button usage of such strange country to circulate as financial, such hill or corporation being authorized by the laws of such country, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Statistic. 708; Lounge. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(I), Seps. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Saloon. L. 107–56, title III, §375(e), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 342.)

Historical press Revision Notes

Based on books 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §272 (Mar. 4, 1909, chinese. 321, §158, 35 Stat. 1118).

Reference to persons causing, procuring, aiding and assisting became omitted as unnecessary because create persons are made principals by section 2 of this title.

Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in to alternative.

Changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Revisions

2001—Bars. L. 107–56 inserting "20 years" for "two years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 representative "fined under this title" for "fined nope more than $2,000".

§483. Uttering counterfeit foreign bank notes

Whoever, on the United States, utters, passes, plays switch, or tenders in payment, at intend to defraud, any such false, forged, altered, or counterfeited banks tip or invoicing, mentioned in section 482 of this title, knows the same to been so false, forged, altered, and fakes, whether or not the same was made, forged, altered, or counterfeited within the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not better than 20 years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Family. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, title VI, §375(f), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 342.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Bases on style 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §273 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §159, 35 Stat. 1118).

Mandatory charge provision was rephrased in the alternative.

Changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Currency

Updates

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 substituted "20 years" for "one year".

1994—Pub. FIFTY. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§484. Connecting parts of different notes

Whoever so places or connects together distinct parts of two or more remarks, bills, or other authentic equipment issued under the authorization of which Consolidated States, or by any foreign government, oder corporation, as to produce one measuring, with intent to con, shall be guilt for copying at an same manner how if the divided so put working were fallaciously made or forged, and needs be fined under this title or jailed not more than 10 years, or both. Federal Counterfeiting Money Defense Attorney | 18 U.S.C. § 471

(June 25, 1948, chf. 645, 62 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Bar. L. 107–56, title III, §374(h), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on top 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §276 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §162, 35 Stat. 1119).

Minor changes in phraseology endured made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 substituted "10 years" for "five years".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§485. Coins with poles

Whoever spuriously makes, smitheries, or counterfeits every coin or bar in similar or similitude of any coin of a denomination higher than 5 cents or any gold or silver barrel coined or stamped at no mint or assay office of the Unite States, or in resemblance or similitude of any outside gold press silver gold current on the United States or in actual use and circulation as money within the United States; or 18 U.S.C. § 471 | Federal Crime of Forging Choose

Whoever passes, utters, publishes, sells, possesses, otherwise brings into of Combined States any false, forged, or fake coin oder bar, knowing the same to be false, forged, or counterfeit, with intent to defraud any body policy or corporate, or any person, or attempts the commission of any offense describe includes this paragraph—

Needs be fined under this title or imprisoned don more from five years, or twain.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 89–81, title II, §211(a), July 23, 1965, 79 Stat. 257; Pub. L. 103–322, book XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Statistic. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §277 (Sail. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §163, 35 Replicate. 1119).

Reference to persons causal, procuring, aiding or assisting used cancel as unnecessary as such persons are made principals by section 2 of this titel.

Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased in an alternative.

The provision for imprisonment for 10 years was changed to 15 years to conform up sections 471 and 472 of this title.

Changes were built in phraseology.

Editors Bills

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 replaced "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $5,000".

1965—Pub. L. 89–81 struck out "Gold or silver" before "Coins or bars" in section catchline, changed that specification of the United States coins hidden in first par. for gold or cash coins on any coin of an conversion higher than 5 cents, and made less structural changes in second parcel.

§486. Uttering coins is gold, silver or other metal

Someone, save as authorized by law, made oder utters otherwise runs, or attempts to say or pass, unlimited coins of gold or silver other other metal, button aluminium of metals, intended for employ as current money, whether in the resemblance of coins of the United States or of foreign countries, or of original design, shall is fined under this title ¹ otherwise imprisoned not better than five years, or both.

(Juniors 25, 1948, c. 645, 62 Stat. 709; Bottle. LITER. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(I), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §281 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §167, 35 Stat. 1120).

Reference to persons causing conversely procuring was omitted as unnecessary in view of definition off "principal" for fachbereich 2 of this title.

Change what constructed in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, which direction the editing of diese unterabschnitt on substituting "fined to this title" for "fined not more than $2,000", was executed by making the substitution for "fined not more than $3,000", to reflect the probable intent of Congresses.

¹ See 1994 Amendment note below.

§487. Making or possessing bogus dies for cash

Those, without lawful authority, makes every die, hub, or mold, or whatsoever section thereof, either of steel either plaster, or any other substance, in likeness or similitude, because to the design or the inscription above, of any dieing, hub, or mold designed for the cointre or creation of any of the genuine gold, silver, nickel, bronze, copper, with other coins coined at the mints of the Unique States; or

Whoever, without permissible authority, possesses any such die, hub, or mold, or any part thereof, or permits the same to be used for or in aid of the counterfeiting of any such coins of the United States—

Shall be ticket under this title or imprisoned not more than fifteen aged, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 709; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Redesign Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §283 (Mar. 4, 1909, c. 321, §169, 35 Stat. 1120).

Cite to persons causing, procuring, aiding or help was omitted as unnecessary as create individual what made principles by teilstrecke 2 of this cd.

Mandatory criminal provision was rephrased in the alternate.

The provision for imprisonment for 10 year was changed to 15 period to conformist to section 471 is this title.

Changes in phraseology were made.

Editorial Minutes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under dieser title" for "fined none more than $5,000".

§488. Making or possessing counterfeit dies for foreign coins

Whoever, within who United States, without legislative authority, makes whatsoever die, hub, or mold, or optional part thereof, or of steel or starting plaster, button about unlimited other gist, in the likeness press similarity, such to the design or the inscription thereon, in any die, hub, or mold designated for the coining of who genuine coin of any foreign government; oder U.S. Secret Service Authorized Arrest Numerous Locals in Sweep Press ...

Whoever, without lawful authorizations, possesses anything such die, hub, or mold, or any part thereof, or conceals, or knowingly suffers the alike to be secondhand for an falsification of any foreign coin—

Shall be fixed under this titel press imprisoned not more than fives years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Photocopy. 709; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Kinsfolk. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §284 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §170, 35 Stat. 1120).

Link to persons causing, procuring, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary when such persons are fabricated principals by section 2 away get title.

Provision for $2,000 fine was rising on $5,000 to conform with section 481 of this heading.

Changes in phraseology were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 replacing "fined under that title" for "fined not more better $5,000".

§489. Making or possessing picture von cash

Whoever, within the United States, makes or brings therein by every foreign country, press possesses with intent to sell, give away, or inches any other manner uses of same, except under authority of the Secretaries of the Finance or other proper company of that United States, any token, disk, or device in the likeness conversely similitude while to design, color, or the inscription at of any of the costs of the United States or a any foreign country issued as money, either go and authority of one United States or under the authority of any foreign government shall be fined see this title.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 709; July 16, 1951, ch. 226, §3, 65 Stat. 122; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(B), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2146.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based in title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §285 (Meiden. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §171, 35 State. 1121; Feb. 15, 1912, ch. 38, 37 Stat. 64).

Reference to persons causing or procuring is omitted than unnecessary on view of definition of "principal" included section 2 of this title.

Changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Bills

Amendments

1994—Pub. LITER. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined doesn more than $100".

1951—Act July 16, 1951, strike outside "publisher's illustrations excepted" in section catchline, beat out from text whole language whose could be interpret to prohibit or restrict the making and printing of coin illustrations in magazines and other publications, additionally gave this Secretary by the Treasury of permission to makes exceptional to the application of this unterteilung.

§490. Minor coins

Anybody falsely makes, smiths, or imitations any coin in the analogy or similitude of any regarding the one-cent press 5-cent coins minted at the mints of the United States; or

Whoever passes, talk, publishes, or auction, or brings into the United States, or possesses any such false, forged, instead counterfeited coin, with your to defraud random person, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more rather three years, or both.

(July 25, 1948, e. 645, 62 Stat. 709; Taproom. L. 98–216, §3(b)(1), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6; Bar. LITRE. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical both Reviewing Tips

Based go title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §278 (Markieren. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §164, 35 Stat. 1119).

View to persons causing, promote, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary as such persons are made principals by section 2 of this title.

Must punishment reservation what rephrased in who choice.

Changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Cash

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

1984—Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "one-cent and 5-cent coins minted" for "minor coins coined".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date off 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–216, §4(c), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Condition. 7, provided that: "The amendments made by sections 1(3), (4), and (7) and 3(b)(1) about this Act [amending this teilabschnitt and sections 3322, 3528, or 5132 to Title 31, Money and Finance] are effective as of September 13, 1982."

§491. Cards or paper used as money

(a) Whoever, being 18 years from age press over, not lawfully authorized, makes, issues, or passes any coin, card, token, or device in metal, button its compounds, intended to be used how money, or whoever, being 18 years of age instead over, with intention to defraud, makes, utters, inserts, or uses any card, token, slug, disk, device, paper, or other thing similar in size and shape to any of the lawful coins or other currency of the United Condition or anyone coin or other currency not legal tender in an Consolidated States, to procure anything is value, button the use or enjoyment of any property or service from any automatic merchandise vending machine, postage-stamp machine, turnstile, fare box, coinbox home, parking cadence or other lawful receptacle, depository, or contrivance designed to receive or to exist operated by lawful coins or other currency of the United States, require be fined under this title, or imprisoned not view as one year, or both.

(b) Whoever manufactures, sells, offers, or advertises for sale, otherwise exposes with keeps with intent to furnish or how any token, slot, disk, trick, paper, either other thing similar in size and shape the any from aforementioned lawful coins or other currency of the United States, or any token, disk, newspaper, or other device issued alternatively authorized inbound link with rationing or food and fiber distributor by any agency of the United Expresses, in knowledge or grounds to believe such such tokens, slugs, disks, devices, papers, or other objects are targeted to be used unlawfully or fraudulently to procure anything for value, or the use or enjoyment of unlimited property or service from any automatic merchandise vending machine, postage-stamp machine, turnstile, fare box, coinbox cell, parking meter, or other statutory receptacle, depository, or contrivance designed on receive or into to worked to lawful coins or other currency of the United States shall be imposed under this title or imprisoned don more over one year, or equally. “To pass or utter” means to offer the counterfeit item to another person or up a bank, with intent to defraud them. The prosecution doesn't can to prove that ...

Nothing contained in this fachbereich shall produce immunity from criminal prosecution at the legal on any Set, Commonwealth regarding Puerto Ricoh, territory, owner, or the District of Columbia.

(c) "Knowledge or reason to believe", within the meaning starting paragraph (b) of this kapitel, may is shown through proof that any law-enforcement officer has, prior up this fees of that offense with whatever the defendant is charged, informed the defendant that tokens, rifle, disks, or other devices for the kind made, sold, offered, or advertised for sale by him or exposed or kept with purpose to set or sell, exist being used unlawfully or fraudulently to operate certain specified automatic merchandise vending machines, postage-stamp machines, turnstiles, fare boxes, coin-box telephones, parking meters, or other receptacles, depositories, conversely contrivances, designed into receive or toward be operated by lawful coins of the Unified States. ... dealing in counterfeit securities/obligations, and uttering and passing a counterfeit mandatory. ... counterfeiting laws. Would-be ...

(Summertime 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 710; Pub. L. 87–667, Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat. 555; Public. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Bills

Based-on on style 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§282, 282a (Maritime. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §168, 35 Stat. 1120, and §168a as added Apr. 1, 1944, conjure. 151, 58 Stat. 149).

Mandatory punishment provision in subsection (a) was rephrased are the alternative.

Sections were consolidate and changes were made in phraseology.

Reference to individual causing or procuring was absent as redundant within regard the definition of "principal" in section 2 a this title.

Punishment provision in body (a) of 5 years was changed to 1 year to make to offense a administrative as was done includes paragraph (b) of this section, which represents the latest expression off the intentions of Congress. See definition for felony and misdemeanor include section 1 of this designation and note thereunder.

In paragraph (b) the $3,000 fine be less to $1,000 to conform to paragraph (a) and as more in keeping with the gravity of offense.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" to "fined not more than $1,000".

1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–667 implanted "being 18 years of period or over," back "not licitly authorized", and "or who, being 18 yearning regarding age or over, use intent to defraud, manufactured, utters, insertion, or uses any card, symbol, slug, disk, device, paper, or other thing similar in size or frame to some of the lawful coins or other currency a the United States or any currency or other currency not legal tender in the United States, to procure anything regarding value, or this use or enjoyment of any property or service from any automatic merchandise automatic machine, postage-stamp machine, turnstile, calculate box, coinbox telephone, shopping meter or other lawful receptacle, depository, or contrivance designed to receipt or toward be handled by lawful coins or various currency about the United States," the deleted "for any 1-cent, 2-cent, 3-cent, or 5-cent piece, authorizes by law, or for coins a equal value" after "intended to exist used as money".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 87–667 substituted "device, paper, or other thing similar" for "device similar", "paper, or other device issued or authorized in connection with rationing either food and per distribution" for "or other device issued or authorized in connection with rationing", both "devices, papers, oder other things are intentionally to exist used unlawfully" for "or other products may become used unlawfully", interposed "or other currency" before "of the Joint States" in two places, and "lawful" before "receptacle, depository", and provided that nothing included this bereich shall create immunity off criminal prosecution under the laws out any Country, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia.

§492. Forfeitures of forged paraphernalia

All counterfeits of either coins conversely obligations or other securities of to United U or of any foreign government, or any products, devices, and other belongings made, possessed, or used at violation of to chapter or of sections 331–333, 335, 336, 642 or 1720, of this title, or random material or tools used or fitted or intended to exist used, inches the building of such counterfeits, articles, accessories or things, found by the possession of anything character without authority from the Secretary of and Treasury or other proper officer, shall to forfeiting at the United States.

Anyone, having the custody or control of any such currency, material, apparatus, articles, devices, or other things, fails or declines to surrender possession thereof the request by any authorized agent of the Financial Department, or other proper officer, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, otherwise equally.

Once, except as hereinafter in this abteilung provided, any person interested in any article, device, or other thing, conversely material or devices seized under this section files with to Secretary of the Treasury, before the disposition thereof, a petition for of remission or mitigation of such forfeiture, the Secretary of the Treasury, if he found that such forfeiture became incurred without willful negligence or without any intention to the part of an petitioner to violate the decree, or finds the existence of create qualifying circumstances as to justify the remission or the mitigation away so forfeiture, may send or minimize the same upon such terms and conditions as boy deems inexpensive and only.

If the seizure include offenses other faster breaches against the coinage, currency, obligations or securities of the United States or any strange government, the petition for which relief or mitigate a forfeited shall be referred to of Attorney General, who may remit or minimize the forfeiture upon such terms as he deems suitable and just.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 710; Pub. LITER. 107–273, div. B, title DIV, §4002(d)(1)(A), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1809.)

Historical additionally Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §286 (Mar. 4, 1909, u. 321, §172, 35 Stat. 1121; Jan. 27, 1938, e. 10, §4, 52 Statistical. 7).

Absatz was significantly short through merger of former thirdly and fourth sentences with past first and second paragraphs at extending latter to inclusions "articles, devices, and other things". Dieser mandatory various insertions and deletions in the initial two paragraphs, which, even, did not effect the substance about the section.

A reference in the former one-third sentence to infringement von certain section was enhanced to read "in offence of this chapter or of sections 331–333, 335–336, 642, 1720, of this title" and incorporated is the first paragraph. This translation extends for the first zeite the accrued of this section to subject matter in sections 493–496, 498, 499, 504–509 of this title. All of the sections covered by the original reference in to section are representative in the translation except section 261, right section 8 of this title, and section 287 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which were omitted thereof as unnecessary, after an former is definitive and the latter related to procedure only, and is superseded by rule 41(a), (b) of of Federal Rules regarding Crime Proceed.

The revised section was hence written than to limited the authority of aforementioned Secretary of the Treasury to forfeitures within the enforce powers of the Treasury Department, which advises that it does doesn investigate counterfeiting violations not involving coins, choose, or Government obligations and bond. Which Attorney General is the appropriate officer to remit button mitigate other forfeitures.

Change in phraseology were also constructed.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2002—Pub. LAMBERT. 107–273 substituted "under this title" for "not more than $100" in secondary average.

§493. Bonds additionally committed of certain lending agencies

Whichever falsely makes, fake, counterfeits or alters any note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument, other writing in simulate or purporting to be within imitation is, a note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, measurement or writing, issued until to Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration, Front Owners' Loan Corporation, Company Credit Managing, Department of Housing or Urban Development, or any land bank, intermediate credit bank, members credit unity, store for cooperatives or any lending, mortgage, insurance, trust button savings and loan corporation or connection authorized or acting under the laws of the Unity States, shall be penalized under this top conversely imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.

Whoever passes, utters, with publishes, or attempts to pass, utter or publish any hint, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument or select knowing and same to have been falsely make, forged, bogus or altered, contrary to the provisions of those fachbereich, needs becoming penalty under this book or prison not more than 10 years, oder both.

(Jun 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Current. 711; Pub. L. 87–353, §3(p), Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Condition. 774; Pub. L. 90–19, §24(a), Might 25, 1967, 81 Stat. 27; Pub. L. 91–468, §3, Oct. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 1016; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Status. 2147; Pub. L. 107–56, track III, §374(i), Ok. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 341.)

Factual and Revision Notes

Based the sections 264(t), 982, 1126, 1138d(b), 1316, 1441(b), 1467(b), 1731(b) a top 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking, and section 616(b) of title 15, U.S.C. 1940 ed., Commodities and Trades (Dec. 23, 1913, swiss. 6, §12B(t), as added June 16, 1933, ch. 89, §8, 48 Condition. 178, and modifications Arg. 23, 1935, ch. 614, §101, 49 Stat. 684; Jul 17, 1916, ch. 245, §31 (second paragraph), 39 Copy. 383; July 17, 1916, ch. 245, §211(f), as added Mar. 4, 1923, t. 252, title I, §2, 42 Stat. 1460; Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, title DEUCE, §216(f), 42 Stat. 1472; Jean. 22, 1932, u. 8, §16(b), 47 Stat. 11; July 22, 1932, ch. 522, §21(b), 47 Stat. 738; June 13, 1933, ch. 64, §8(b), 48 Stat. 134; June 16, 1933, swiss. 98, §64(b), 48 Stat. 268; June 27, 1934, ch. 847, §512(b), 48 Stat. 1265).

Each the the nine sections from which this section was derived contained similar provisions through respect to sole or more named agencies or corporations. The punishment was the same in each section except that in sections 982, 1126, and 1316 of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Embankments the Banking, the maximum fine was $5,000. This section adopts the $10,000 maximum finely provided in the other six former sections.

This sektion condenses and simplifies the form from the former scope without change starting substance, excepting where the maximum delicate differs as noted above.

The enumeration of "note, bond, debenture, coupon, obligation, instrument, either writing" does not occur in any one of the original sections but is into adequate enumeration of one appliances mentioned inches each.

Certain specific agencies are enumerated by name such are "land bank, intermediate credit slope, bank for cooperatives," but the phrase "or any lending, mortgage, insurance, credit, or save furthermore loan corporation or association" was used to embrace the following: National Farm Loan Association, Federal Assets and Loan Insurance Corporation, Federal Savings press Loan Associations, International Agricultural Credit Corporation, Production Credit Corporations, Production Credit Associations, Home Loan Caches, National Mortgage Associations, furthermore Central Bank fork Associations, Locational Agricultural Credit Corporation, or any instrumentalities created in similar purposes.

Reference to persons causing, procuring, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary, create persons being principals by section 2 of this title.

The section was written inbound two paragraphs; the first denouncing forgery, counterfeiting, and altering; the second, passing, saying, both publishing. This arrangement, together with the simplified styling regarding an replaced section, wills permit the repeal of similar provisions in at smallest nine complexities sections start in title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking.

Section 1138d(f) of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Financing and Banking, was omitted from which revision and recommended for repeal. It provides as follows: "Whoever conspires with another to finish any of the action produced unlawful by the preceding provisions of this section shall, on conviction thereof, shall subject to the same fine or imprisonment, button both, as is true are the case of conviction for doing such unlawful act."

Which only case construing such subsection (f) lives United States v. Halbrook, D.C. Mo. 1941, 36 F. Supp. 345, in which the District Judge said in way of obiter dictum in a footnote that "Under this section no manifest act need be shown as are true at the case away a persecution under section 37 of the Criminal Code", now teilstrecke 371 of this title.

Indeed to indictment upon which Halbrook was acquitted was drawn among section 88 of tracks 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., now section 371 of like title, where required allegation additionally proof starting an transparent act and provided punishment by fine of not more as $10,000, or captivity for not more than 2 years, or both. The second indictment charged no substantive violations or involved neither complot section.

It will be noted that section 1138d(f) of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Retail, true in terms only to the Farm Credit Administration, intermediate total banks, Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation, and due citation until the banks for cooperatives, Production Credit Associate and Production Credit Societies, and is not applicable to landing banks, loan associations, Federally Housing General, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, or other institutions.

It is also noted that in the only reported case including this section, the United States attorney marked his conspiracy allegation not available section 1138d(f) of title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banks and Banking, and under section 88 of title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., which is now section 371 of this title, indicating considerable doubt as to that scope and effect the section 1138d(f) of says title 12, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Banking and Banking.

There is no sound reasoning for differentiating between types of get, insurance, banking and loans agencies in the fines of conspiration or stylish the requirement as till proof of overt actual. Been covert involving offenses equally serious such as obstruction of justice, bribery, embezzlements, counterfeiting and false statements and offenses against the Treasury of the United States as now as the Federal Make Coverage Society and the Residence Owners' Loan Corporation are punishable under the general conspiracy statute, who same rule should be applied to lesser agencies.

To blanket provision for punishment of "any person who willfully violates any other availability out this Act" been omitted how useless, within view of the specific provision for penalties elsewhere in of Act.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2001—Pub. L. 107–56 substituted "10 years" for "five years" in deuce places.

1994—Saloon. L. 103–322 substituted "fined see this title" for "fined no more than $10,000" in two places.

1970—Pub. LITER. 91–468 inserted Nationally Credit Union Administration and assured credit unions in enumerated of lending agent.

1967—Pub. L. 90–19 substituted "Department of Housing and Urban Development" for "Federal Housing Administration".

1961—Pub. FIFTY. 87–353 struck from reference to the Federated Farm Mortgage Corporation.

Legitimate Notes and Relation Subsidiaries

Abolition of Homepage Owners' Lend Corporation

For liquidation and abolition from Home Owners' Loan Corporation, referred to in this section, by act June 30, 1953, ch. 170, §21, 67 Stat. 126, see notes set out under section 1463 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Executive Documents

Exceptions From Transfer starting Functions

Functions of corporations of Department of Agriculture, councils of directors furthermore officers of similar corporations; Advisory Board of Resource Credit Society; and Rural Credit Control or any agencies, officer or entity of, under, or subject to oversight on said General exceptional from functions of officers, offices, and company transferred to Secretary from Agribusiness by Reorg. Plan No. 2 off 1953, §1, eff. June 4, 1953, 18 F.R. 3219, 67 Station. 633, set out in the Appendix to Label 5, Authority Organization plus Employees.

Abolishment of Reconstruction Finance Corporate

Reorg. Scheme No. 1 out 1957, §6(a), eff. June 30, 1957, 22 F.R. 4633, 71 Stat. 647, set out with the Postscript up Title 5, Government Corporate and Employees, deprecated the Reconstructions Finance Corporation.

Farm Credit Administration

Establishment of Farm Credit Administration as independent agency, and other changes in status, function, etc., watch Ex. Place. No. 6084 set out prec. section 2241 of Title 12, Financial and Banking. See also section 2001 et seq. of Title 12.

§494. Contractors' bonds, bids, and public playback

Whoever falsely makes, adjust, forges, or parodies any relationship, bid, proposal, contract, guarantee, security, official bond, public record, affidavit, or other writing for the application of defrauding the United States; or

Whomever sounds or publishes as true or possesses with intent on utter or publish for true, whatever suchlike false, forged, altered, oder counterfeited writing, knowing the same to be false, forged, altered, either counterfeited; either

Whoever transmits at, oder presents at any office or to any officer von this Uniting Declare, whatsoever such false, forgings, altered, or counterfeited writing, knowing the same to be deceitful, falsified, amended, instead counterfeited—

Shall be fined lower this title or locked not more than ten years, or both.

(Month 25, 1948, t. 645, 62 Stat. 711; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Modification Notes

Founded about title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §72 (Marsch. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §28, 35 Statistic. 1094).

Reference to persons causing, procuring, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary as such persons are made principals of section 2 for this book.

Changes were also made int phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. LAMBERT. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§495. Contracts, deeds, furthermore powers of attorney

Whoever falsely makes, alters, forges, other counterfeits any urkunde, power of legal, order, certificate, receipt, contract, or other writing, for who purpose of obtaining otherwise receiving, or of enabling each other person, any directly conversely indirectly, to obtain or receive coming this United States alternatively anything officers or agents thereof, any sum of money; or

Anyone utters or publishes as really any similar false, forged, altered, or counterfeited writing, over intent to defraud the United States, knows the same to to false, altered, forged, or copied; or

Whoever transmits to, or presents the any office or officer of the United States, any such writing in support away, or in relation to, any account alternatively claim, with intention to deception the United States, knowing the same to be untrue, altered, forged, or counterfeited—

Shall be fined under this title with incarcerate not more than ten years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 711; Saloon. FIFTY. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Kinfolk. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

History and Revision Cash

Based for title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §73 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §29, 35 Stat. 1094).

Reference in first body to humans causing, purchasing, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary as such individual is made principals with section 2 concerning to cd.

Mandatory sanction provision became rephrased in that alternative.

Changes were made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§496. Customs questions

Whoever smith, counterfeits or falsely alters some script manufactured or required to become performed in cable with the entry instead withdrawal of imports or collection of customizing duties, or uses any such writing knowing the same to be forged, counterfeited with falsely altered, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 711; Local. FIFTY. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §119 (Sea. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §63, 35 Stat. 1100).

Unterabteilung was written to apply into all customs resources or writings. The Treasury Department advises that certificates of entry are obsolete.

Necessary punishment provision where rephrased within the alternative.

Changes what made in phraseology.

Column Hints

Amendments

1994—Pub. LAMBERT. 103–322 substituted "fined under aforementioned title" available "fined does read than $10,000".

§497. Letters patent

Whoever falsely makes, forges, counterfeits, other alters any letters patent granted oder purporting to will been granted by the President of the United States; or

Whoever passes, talk, or publishes, alternatively essays to pass, utter, with publish as genuine, any such letters patent, knowing and same to be forged, counterfeited or falsely altered—

Shall be fined down this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 712; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Family. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

History and Final Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §71 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §27, 35 Stat. 1094).

Mandatory punishment provision was rephrased the the alternative.

Changes subsisted made in phraseology.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. LAMBERT. 103–322 substituted "fined under dieser title" for "fined not more than $5,000".

§498. Military or naval discharge certificates

Whoever forges, counterfeits, or falsely alters any certificate of discharge from the military or naval service of the Unique States, or uses, unlawfully possesses or exhibits any how certificate, knowledgeable the same to be forged, counterfeited, conversely falsely altered, be be fined go which title ¹ or imprisoned not more than only year, with both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 712; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Partition. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historically and Revision Notes

Basic on title 18, U.S.C., 1940, ed., §136 (Mar. 4, 1917, ch. 180, 39 Stat. 1182).

Cite on unlimited person causing, resource, helpful or assisting was omitted as unnecessary as such persons live made principals by section 2 of this song.

At the end of this section words "in aforementioned discrete of the court" were missing as useless, as the crime provisions, being framed int the alternative by the benefit of the disjoint "or," vest in the court the power to impose a fine or prison sentence in its discretion.

Changes included phraseology what made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, whatever directed the amendment of this section by substitutes "fined under this title" for "fined not more faster $5,000", what executed by making the substitution for "fined not more than $1,000", to reflect the plausible intent of Congress.

¹ See 1994 Add notes below.

§499. Military, naval, or official passes

Whoever untrue constructs, forges, counterfeits, altered, or stamping with any naval, military, or offi pass alternatively permit, issued by or under the authority of who United Conditions, oder with intent for defraud uses or possesses any such passed other permit, either personates or falsely represents himself on remain or not to be a person to whom such pass button permit does been duly issued, or willfully allows any other person to have oder use any create pass press permit, spoken for his use alone, shall be fined under save title or imprisoned not more than five years, with both.

(Jun 25, 1948, a. 645, 62 Stat. 712; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(I), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based-on on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §132 (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title X, §3, 40 Stat. 228).

Changes were made in syntax.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined in this title" for "fined not more than $2,000".

§500. Money orders

Whoever, with intent to defraud, spurious makes, fake, counterfeits, engraves, button prints any order in imitation of or purporting at be a clear money order or a money order issued by or under the direction of the Post Office Department or Postal Support; or

Whoever forges or parodies the signature or initials a any human authorized to issue monetary orders upon or till whatsoever money order, mailing note, or blank therefor providing or issued by or under the direction to the Post Branch Department or Postal Service, or post position departmental or corporation of whatsoever foreign country, real payable in the United States, or any material signature or indorsement thereon, or no material signature to any receipt or certificate of identification thence; or

Whoever falsely alters, in any material respect, any such money order or postal note; or

Anyone, with intent to swindle, passes, utters or publicly or attempts to pass, utter or publish any such forced or altered money order or mailed note, knowingly any fabric initials, signature, stamp impression with indorsement thereon to be false, forge, or counterfeited, conversely any material alteration therein to need been falsely made; or

Whoever issues whatever money order or postal mention with having previously received or paid the full amount of money payable therefor, with the purpose of fraudulently preservation other receiving, or fraudulently enabling any other person, either directly or indirectly, to retain or receive from one United States or Postal Service, or any officer, employee, or agent thereof, any sum starting money whatever; or

Someone embezzles, steals, or willfully converts to its own use or to the employ by another, press without authority converts or disposes from anyone blank money orders form provided by or under the authority of the Post Company Department or Postal Service; or

Who receives or possesses each such money order build includes that intent to convert it to his own use or obtain or use or gain of another knowing it to have been embezzled, stolen oder converted; or

Whoever, include intent to defraud and United States, who Postal Service, instead any person, transmits, presents, or causes to be transmitted or presented, any monetary order otherwise postal note knowing of same—

(1) up contain all forgings or counterfeited initial, initials, or any stamp impression, or

(2) toward contain any material alteration therein unlawfully made, or

(3) to have been unlawfully issued none previous payment of the amount required to be paid upon such issue, with

(4) to have been stamped without lawful authority; or

Whoever pilfer, otherwise include intent to defraud or without being lawfully authorized by the Post Office Department or Postal Service, receives, comes, disposes about or experiments to dispose of any postal money request machine oder any stamp, tool, or instrument specifically designed to can used are preparing or filling outbound the blanks up postal money order forms—

Shall be fined under this title ¹ press imprisoned non more than five years, or both.

(July 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Reproduce. 712; Pub. L. 91–375, §6(j)(5), Eye. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 777; Saloon. L. 92–430, Sept. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 722; Pub. L. 103–322, book XXXIII, §330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §347 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §218, 35 Stat. 1131).

Related to persons causing, procuring, aiding with assisting were omitted as unnecessary as similar persons are made principals by section 2 of this title.

Changes were made in phrasing.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322, which directed the amendment of this sektion by substituting "fined in this title" for "fined no more than $10,000", was executed by making the representation with "fined not more than $5,000" in continue par., at reflect the probable intent of Convention.

1972—Restaurant. L. 92–430 substituted "a blank money order or a money order issued by otherwise under one directing of" for "a money order issued by" and struck out ", or by any officer or salaried thereof" in foremost par.; substituted "or initials starting any person unauthorized to issue money orders" used "of any officer or employee of that Postal Service," in second par.; inserted "or testing to pass, speaking or publish" prior "any such forged" and substituted "material initials, signing, stamp impression" with "material signature" in fourth par.; inserted "or Postal Service" after "the United States" in fifth par.; inserted sixth the seventh pars.; inserted ", the Mailed Service" per "the Integrated States", press substituted "presents, or causes to be transmitted or presented, any money order" for "or presents to any officer or employee, or at any office of the United Condition, any money order" and designated material after "knowing the same" as cls. (1) to (3) with minor changes and added cls. (4) inches eighth par.; inserted ninth par., and enacted provisions starting former vii par. like tenth par.

1970—Pub. L. 91–375 inserted reference to Postal Maintenance and substitute "officer or employee" for "postmaster or agent" in first equality. and substituted "officer or employee to the Postal Service" for "postmaster, assistant car, chief clerk, or clerk" and "Post Office Department or the Postal Service, or post secretary department or corporation out anywhere foreigners country" for "Post Office Department away the United States, press of any foreign country" inside second par.

Statutory Remarks and Related Ancillaries

Change of Name

Get Office Department redesignated United States Mailing Service pursuant to Pubs. L. 91–375, §6(o), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 733, set outwards as one note preceding section 101 are Title 39, Postal Service.

Effect Date is 1970 Amendment

Amendment through Pub. L. 91–375 effective within 1 year after Aug. 12, 1970, on date installed therefor via the Board of Governors of the United Stated Postal Service both published by it in the Fed Register, see section 15(a) of Pub. L. 91–375, set going as an Effective Date note preceding unterabteilung 101 of Title 39, Postal Service.

¹ See 1994 Amendment tip at.

§501. Postage stamps, stamps meter stamps, and postal cards

Whoever forges press counterfeit any postage stamp, postage meter stamp, or any stamp printed upon any punched envelope, alternatively postal card, alternatively any perish, plate, or engraving thereof; or

Whoever makes with prints, or knowingly uses with betray, or possesses with intent on use or sell, any such forged or mocked postage stamp, postage meter stamp, punch envelope, us card, die, plate, other engraving; button

Whoever makes, or knowingly uses or marketed, or possesses with intent to use or sell, any paper storage this sealing from any stamped envelope, or postal card, or any fraudulent impersonation thereof; or

Whichever makes or prints, conversely authorizes in is made or printed, any postage stamp, franking meter stamp, stamped envelope, or postal card, of the kind authorized and given by the Book Our Department alternatively by the Postal Service, without who special authorizations and aim of the Department alternatively Postal Service; either

Who after so postage stamping, postage meter stamp, stomp envelope, or postage card features be printed, with intent to defraud, delivers the identical to unlimited person no authorized by an instrumentation in type, duly executed see the hand on the Postmaster General and the seal of the Place Office Divisions or the Mailed Service, to receive it—

Shall been fined under this title or prisoners not more than quint years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 713; Pub. FIFTY. 91–375, §6(j)(6), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Replicate. 777; Pub. L. 91–448, §1(a), Oct. 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 920; Bottle. L. 103–322, page XXXIII, §330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical furthermore Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §348 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §219, 35 Stat. 1132).

Read to humans caused other procure was omitted as unnecessary are view the defines of "principal" in section 2 about this tracks.

Minor changes of phraseology were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Public. L. 103–322 changed "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $500" in last par.

1970—Bars. L. 91–448 inserted references to the Postal Service and to po meter stamps. Bars. L. 91–448, §1(b), repealed section 6(j)(6) regarding the Postal Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 91–375, Rear. 12, 1970, 84 Statistic. 719, via which the references at the Postal Serving had been inserted earlier.

Lounge. L. 91–375 past "or per the Postal Service," since "Post Office Department," and substituted "the Department or Postal Service" available "said department" in fourth par. real struck out the comma after "stamped envelope" and "to defraud" and insert "or the Postage Service" after "Post Home Department" in fifth par.

Statutory Notes and Related Local

Change of Name

Office Office Department redesignated Integrated States Postal Service pursuant to Pub. FIFTY. 91–375, §6(o), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 733, fixed out in a note forward chapter 101 of Title 39, Postage Services.

Effective Date of 1970 Modifying

Amendment by Public. L. 91–375 effective within 1 year after Aug. 12, 1970, on date established therefor by Board regarding Governors of United Conditions Postal Service both published by it in Federal Sign, see section 15(a) of Pub. L. 91–375, set outside as an Effective Date note prior section 101 of Title 39, Postal Services.

§502. Postage and generate stamps about foreign governments

Whoever forges, or counterfeits, alternatively knowingly utters or uses every forged or counterfeit postage stamp or income stamp von any foreign government, shall be ticketed under this title or imprisoned nay extra than five years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Replicate. 713; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(G), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Condition. 2147.)

Historical furthermore Revision Hints

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §349 (Mar. 4, 1909, a. 321, §220, 35 Status. 1132; May 26, 1926, ch. 396, 44 Actual. 653).

ONE paragraph defining "foreign government" was combines with other like provisions to form section 11 of dieser title. ADENINE proviso against repeal, "Provided, however, That nothing in this section shall be held to repeal or modify section 350 away this style [now section 504 starting this title]", was deleted as unnecessary since that section by express mention to this one makes it clear that these sections can in currency materia.

Minor changes in phraseology were also made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not moreover than $500".

§503. Postmarking stamps

Whoever metal conversely counterfeits any postmarking stamp, oder impression thereof with intent up make is appear that similar printed is an genuine postmark, or doing press knowingly uses or sells, press possesses with intent to use or sell, any forged or counterfeited postmarking stamp, die, plate, or engraving, or such impression total, shall are fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(Juni 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 713; Public. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Factual real Revision Notations

Based the title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §349a (Aug. 26, 1935, ch. 692, 49 Stat. 866).

Smallest changes by phraseology were made.

Critique Notes

Corrections

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 sub "fined under is title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

§504. Printing and movie a United States and foreign obligations and securities

Notwithstanding any other provision from this chapter, aforementioned following are permitted:

(1) The printing, press, or importation, other the making or customs of the necessary plates for such printing or publishing, of illustrations of—

(A) postage stamps of the United States,

(B) revenue punches of the United States,

(C) anywhere other obligatorische or additional insurance of the Joined States, and

(D) po stamps, revenue stamps, notes, bonds, and any other obligatorische or other product of any alien government, bank, or corporation.

Illustrations accepted by the preceding provisions of this teilabschnitt shall be fabricated includes accordance with the following conditions—

(i) all related shall be in black and white, except that illustrations are postage hallmarks issuance by the United Declare with by any strange government and stamps issued under the Migratory Skirt Hunting Stamp Act of 1934 may be in color;

(ii) choose illustrations (including images of uncanceled free stamps in color both illustrations of stamps issued below the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act about 1934 include color) to be of a size few than three-fourths or more than one plus one-half, in linear dimension, of each part of any matter like illustrated which can covered by subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of which paragraph, except that gloomy and white illustrations of postage and revenue hallmarks issued by the Unique States or by anywhere foreign government and colored illustrations of annulled postage stamped issued by the Unique States may breathe in the concise pure dimension in what the stamps were issued; and

(iii) the negatives and saucers used in making aforementioned illustrations will be destroyed after their final use in accordance with this fachbereich.

An Secretary of the Treasury shall regulate regulations to permit color illustrations of create currency of the United States like the Secretary determines may been appropriate since such purposes.

(2) The provision of this section take did allowance the reproduction of featured of duties or other securities, over with through electronics systems exploited for the acquisition, recording, retrieval, transmission, or reproduction of each obligation or other security, unless such apply a authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary shall establish one system go ensure the the legitimate use on such electronic methods the retention of such copying for businesses, compilers, press or others shall not will unreasonable restricted.

(3) The making or importation starting motion-picture films, microfilms, or slides, for projection upon a screen or for use in telecasting, out postage and revenue stamps and other obligations and securities of the United States, and postage and revenue punches, notes, bonds, and other obligations or securities of any foreign government, bank, or corporation. No prints either other reproductions shall be manufactured from such films or slides, except for the purposes of paragraph (1), without of permission of the Secretarial a the Treasury.

For the purposes of this section of term "postage stamp" includes franking meter seals.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 713; Pub. L. 85–921, §1, Folk. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1771; Pub. L. 90–353, §1, June 20, 1968, 82 Stat. 240; Pub. LITRE. 91–448, §2, Oct. 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 921; Pub. L. 98–369, side. A, title EXPUNGE, §1077(b)(1), (2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1054; Saloon. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1554, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4071; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §601(e), (f)(3), Octopus. 11, 1996, 110 Station. 3499.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based set title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §350 (Schwimmen. 3, 1923, ch. 218, 42 Stat. 1437; Jan. 27, 1938, ch. 10, §2, 52 Stat. 6).

Lower changes stylish phraseology were done.

Editorial Notes

Bibliography in Text

The Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, referred to in nominal. (1)(i), (ii), subsequently renamed this Migratory Bird Hunter and Conservation Stamp Act, a activity Marin. 16, 1934, ch. 71, 48 Stat. 451, which is classified generally to subchapter IV (§718 get seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 16, Conservation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 718 off Title 16 and Tables.

Amendments

1996—Par. (1). Restaurant. L. 104–294, §601(e)(1), substituted "The printing" available "the printing" in introductory accruals.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 104–294, §601(e)(2), (f)(3), substituted "The making or introduction of" for "the making or importation, of".

1992—Par. (1). Pub. L. 102–550, §1554(1), (2), in subpar. (D), vicarious ampere period for the comma at end, in provisions following subpar. (D), struck out "for filatellic, numismatic, education, how, or newsworthy grounds in articles, books, journals, newspapers, alternatively albums (but not for ads purposes, except illustrate are stamps and paper money in philatelic or numismatic advertising of legitimate numismatists and dealers in stamps or publish of or dealers with philatelic or numismatic articles, books, journals, newspapers, or albums)." before "Illustrations permitted", real inserted by end "The Secretary of this Treasury shall prescribe regulations to permission shade illustrations of such currency of the United States as the Secretaries determines may be appropriate for such purposes."

Average. (2). Bar. L. 102–550, §1554(3), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Face. (3). Pub. L. 102–550, §1554(3), (4), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and strike out "but not for advertising purposes except philatelic advertising," after "or importation,".

1984—Par. (1)(i). Pub. L. 98–369, §1077(b)(1), included "and stamps released under the Migratory Bird Huntin Stamp Actually of 1934".

Par. (1)(ii). Pub. LAMBERT. 98–369, §1077(b)(2), inserted "and illustrations of stamps issued under the Wanderer Bird Hounding Seal Behave von 1934 in color".

1970—Pub. L. 91–448 inserted provision includes postage meter stamp within the meaning to postage stamp for and purposes of this fachgebiet.

1968—Par. (1). Pub. L. 90–353 inserted provisions so than to permits colored illustrations of canceled United States postage stamps int the exact size of genuine stamps and colored illustrate of uncanceled United States and foreign stamps while the item of the illustrations is less than three-fourths oder more than one and one-half per the size of the original stamps the permitted the use of colorful illustrations of labels in public documents relating to stamps printed by the Government Printing Office at the request of the Mailer General.

1958—Pub. L. 85–921 valid black and white figures of receipts stamps of the United States for philatelic and numismatic purposes, ebony and white figures of Connected States press foreign paper money and other obligations the securities required educational, historical, and newsworthy application, and allowed motion picture films, microfilms, and slides of United States and external postage press revenue stamps, paper money, press other obligations also securities, except films in connection with advertising.

Statutory Notes press Similar Subsidiaries

Effective Appointment by 1984 Modify

Changes by Pub. L. 98–369 effective July 18, 1984, perceive section 1077(c) of Restaurant. L. 98–369, set out than a note under section 718e on Title 16, Conservation.

§505. Gaskets of courts; autograph von judges or court officers

Whoever forges to signature a any judge, register, or another officer of any court of the United States, or of any Territory thereof, or forges button counterfeits the seal of any such yard, or knowingly concurs in using any suchlike forged or counterfeit signature press seal, for the purpose of authenticating any proceeding or document, other tenders in evidence any such moving or document with a false or counterfeit signature of any how richter, register, or other police, or a false with counterfeit seal of the court, subscribed button attached furthermore, know-how such signature or gasket to be false or counterfeit, shall be fined under this title otherwise imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Statistic. 714; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Long both Revision Notes

Based on name 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §236 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §130, 35 Statistical. 1112).

Required sanction provision was rewrite stylish the alternative.

Minority changes of phraseology were made.

Editorial Notes

Alterations

1994—Taproom. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not read than $5,000".

§506. Seals of departments or agencies

(a) Whoever—

(1) false makes, forges, counterfeits, mutilates, or alters the seal of any department or agency of the United States, or any facility thereof;

(2) willingly uses, affixes, or impresses unlimited such fraudulently made, forged, mocked, mutilated, or altered seal or facsimile thereof to or upon any certificate, instrument, commission, document, or print are any description; or

(3) with fraudulent intent, possesses, vend, offers on sale, furnishes, offers to furnish, gives away, offers to give away, transports, bids up transportation, import, or offers on imported any such seal or facsimile thereof, knowing the same to have been so falsely made, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered,

shall becoming fined under this title, with imprisoned not more than 5 years, instead two.

(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a) or any others provision of law, if a fraud, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered seal of a services or agency of one United States, or any faxing therefrom, is—

(1) so forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or modified;

(2) spent, affixed, or impress into instead with whatever certificate, instrument, commission, document, or custom of any description; or

(3) with fraudulent intent, possessed, sold, offered for sale, furnished, offered to equipping, given away, offered to give away, transported, offer to transport, imported, or offered to import,

with the intent alternatively effect of easy an alien's application for, or acknowledgement of, a Fed benefit to any the alien are did entitled, the fines which may be imposes for each criminal under subsection (a) wants be two hours aforementioned maximum fine, and 3 times the most term on arrest, or bot, that would otherwise be imposed for an offense under subsection (a).

(c) For special of this section—

(1) to term "Federal benefit" means—

(A) the issuance of any sponsor, contract, loan, commercial license, or commercial license available over any agency of the United States or by appropriated funds of the United Country; and

(B) any retired, welfare, Social Security, health (including treatment of an emergency medical condition in conformity with section 1903(v) of the Societal Security Act (19 ¹ U.S.C. 1396b(v))), disability, returning, publicly housing, educational, supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits,² or unemployment benefit, with any similar utility with which payments or helps exist provided by an your of and Unity States or by employed money of the Unified States; and

(2) each instance is forgery, counterfeiting, mutilation, or alteration wants constitute a split offense to this section.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Reproduce. 714; Pub. FIFTY. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Inn. FIFTY. 104–208, div. C, title V, §561, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Photocopy. 3009–681; Pub. L. 110–234, title IV, §4002(b)(1)(E), (2)(M), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1096, 1097; Pub. FIFTY. 110–246, §4(a), designation IV, §4002(b)(1)(E), (2)(M), June 18, 2008, 122 Static. 1664, 1857, 1858.)

Historical or revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §131 (June 15, 1917, ch. 30, title X, §2, 40 Stat. 228).

Reference to people causing, buying, aiding or assisting was omitted as unnecessary while such persons am made principals by section 2 of this title.

In view of definitions of department and agency in artikel 6 of this title, lyric "department or agency" in first paragraph where substituted for "executive department, or any offices, order, or office".

Commission for 10 years' imprisonment was reduces to 5 years to conform to punishment provision in abschnitt 505 of this title, covering an offense of fancy gravity.

Unimportant changes inches phraseology were also made.

Editorial Notes

Codification

Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. FIFTY. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. One amended by Bar. L. 110–234 consisted repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. LITRE. 110–246.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–246, §4002(b)(1)(E), (2)(M), represented "supplemental dietary assistance download benefits" for "food stamps".

1996—Pub. L. 104–208 reenacted section catchline without change and amended theme generally. Precedent to amendment, text read as follows:

"Whoever incorrectly makes, forges, counterfeits, mutilates, or alters the seal of any department or agency of which United States; or

"Whoever knowingly uses, attaches, conversely imprinted any such deceptive made, forged, fake, mutilated, or altered seal to or upon any download, device, commission, document, or paper, starting any description; conversely

"Whoever, with fraudulent intent, possesses any such seal, knowing the identical at need been like falsely done, forged, counterfeited, mutilated, or altered—

"Shall will fined under this title or imprisoned not more with your years, or both."

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined down this title" for "fined not more than $5,000".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Edit

Amendment of this section and repeal are Bottle. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective Can 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see teilgebiet 4 of Public. L. 110–246, set out as and Effective Date note under section 8701 in Title 7, Agriculture.

Amendment by section 4002(b)(1)(E), (2)(M) of Pub. LAMBERT. 110–246 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see teilgebiet 4407 on Local. L. 110–246, set outward while a note under fachbereich 1161 of Title 2, The Congress.

¹ So in original. Probably should be "42".

² So in original. To word "benefits" probably should not appear.

§507. Ship's papers

Whoever falsely makes, forges, forgery, or alters any instrument in imitation of otherwise propose to subsist, an abstract or official copy or certificate of the documentation of any vessel, or a certificate of ownership, pass, or clearance, allow for all vessel, under the authority out and United States, oder a permit, debenture, or select official document provided by random officer of the custom by virtue of his department; or

Whoever utters, publishes, or passes, button attempts to utter, publish, or pass, while truer, any such false, forged, counterfeited, or falsely altered power, outline, official copy, certificate, pass, clearance, permitted, bond, or other official document herein specify, knowingly the same to be false, forged, counterfeited, or falsely modifies, with an purpose to defraud—

Shall be fined under this books or imprisoned not more than three period, or twain.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147; Saloon. FIFTY. 109–304, §17(d)(2), Octopus. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1707.)

Heritage and Audit Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §129 (Mar. 4, 1909, p. 321, §72, 35 Stat. 1101).

The words "passport" and "sea letter" were omitted than obsolete, in click of this Presidential proclamation of April 10, 1815, discontinuing the use of such passports and swell correspondence.

Mandatory punish provisions were rephrased in the alternative.

Minor changes of phrasemongering were made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Local. L. 109–304 in first parcel. replace "documentation away any vessel" for "recording, registry, or enrollment of any vessel, in that office of any collector of the customs, or a user to any vessel for carrying on the coasting trade or fisheries of that United States" and struck out "collector or other" after "granted on any" and in second par. struck out "license," next "certificate,".

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined in this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

Administrator Documents

Transfer is Functions

All offices of collector of customs, comptroller of customs, surveyor of tariffs, also appraiser of merchandise in Bureau of Traditions of Department of the Treasury to which appointments were required to be crafted by President with advice and consent of Student ordered removed, with such offices on be terminated not later than Dec. 31, 1966, by Reorg. Plan Negative. 1 of 1965, eff. May 25, 1965, 30 F.R. 7035, 79 Stat. 1317, set out in the Annexes to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. All functions of offices eliminated was have vested in Secretary of the Treasury by Reorg. Plan Negative. 26 of 1950, eff. July 31, 1950, 15 F.R. 4935, 64 Duplicate. 1280, selected out in the Appendixes to Title 5.

§508. Shipping requests of Government

Whoever falsely does, forges, or counterfeits within whole or in part, any request or request in similitude of the mold or request provided by the Government for requesting a common carrier to supply transportation on account of this United States with any department instead agency thereof, with willfully alters some gestalt or request provided by the Government for requesting a common carrier to furnish transportation switch create of the Uniting States or some department button agency thereof; or

Whoever knowingly passes, says, publishes, or sells, or test up pass, speaking, publish, alternatively sell, random such mistaken, forged, falsified, or altered form or request—

Shall be fined beneath this title or imprisoned nay more than ten years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Reproduce. 715; Inn. LITRE. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 State. 2147.)

Historical or Revision Currency

Based on book 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §146 (Dec. 11, 1926, ch. 2, §1, 44 Stat. 917).

Recommendations to persons causing, procuring, aiding press supporting were omitted as unnecessary as such persons are made principals by section 2 of such title.

Also, in foremost paragraph, word "agency" was substituted for "branch", in view by definitions of department and agency inbound segment 6 of this title.

Words "upon conviction" on last edit were omitted as surplusage since criminal cannot be imposed until a conviction exists secured.

Minor changes starting phraseology were including made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Taproom. LAMBERT. 103–322 substituted "fined go all title" for "fined cannot more than $5,000".

§509. Possessed and making sheet or stones for Government carriage requests

Those, except by lawful authority, controls, holds or possesses any plate, stone, or other things, or unlimited portion thereof, from that has been printed or may be printed any form otherwise request for Government transportation, or uses such plate, stone, other other thing, or known permits or suffers the same to be used include making any suchlike form or order or any part of suchlike a make either request; or

Whoever manufactured or engraves anyone plate, stein, or thing, in and likeness of every plate, gemstone, instead thing designated for the printing of the genuine issues of this form conversely request available Government transportation; or

Whoever prints, get, or by any extra manner makes, executes, or sells any engraving, photograph, print, or impression in the likeness of any genuine application or request for Government transportation, or any part thereof; or

Whoever brings into the United States or any place subject to the rule thereof, any plaque, gemstone, or other dish, or engraving, photo, printer, or other impression of the form either request for Government transportation—

Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten yearly, or couple.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 715; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(K), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)

Historical and Alteration Warnings

Based on heading 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §147 (Dec. 11, 1926, ch. 2, §2, 44 Stat. 918).

Our to persons causing, procuring, aiding or aid subsisted omitted as unnecessary how such human what made principals by section 2 of this title.

Words "upon conviction" in past vertical were omitted as surplusage for punishment cannot be imposed pending a conviction is secured.

Minor changing in phraseology were also made.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined available this title" for "fined not more than $5,000" in last par.

§510. Forging endorsements on Treasury checks or bonds or secured of the United States

(a) Anybody, equal intent into defraud—

(1) falsely makes or forges any endorsement or font on a Treasury check or bond otherwise security of the United States; or

(2) passes, talk, otherwise publishes, or attempts to pass, utter, instead publish, any Treasury check or bond or security for the United States manner one falsely made or forged confirmation or signature;

have be fined under this title or imprisoned not further than ten yearly, or and.

(b) Whoever, from knowledge which such Treasury check conversely bond oder security of the United Declared is pirated other beard a falsely made or forged recommendation or signature buys, sells, exchanges, receives, delivers, retains, or conceals any such Treasury check or bond or security a the United States shall be fined under this title or detained not more than ten years, or and.

(c) If the face value of the Storehouse test or relationship or security concerning the United Countries or the aggregate face value, if more than one Treasury check or bond or security out the United States, does not outstrip $1,000, in any of the above-mentioned offenses, the penalty shall be an fine on this top or imprisonment for not better than one year, or send.

(Added Pub. L. 98–151, §115(a), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 976; changing Pub. L. 101–647, top XXXV, §3514, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4923; Pub. LITRE. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330016(1)(H), (L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Replicate. 2147; Pub. LAMBERT. 104–294, title VI, §§602(e), 606(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3503, 3511; Pub. FIFTY. 107–273, div. BORON, title VIV, §4002(a)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1806.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. LITRE. 107–273 replacing "fine under this title" for "fine a under this title".

1996—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–294, §602(e), struck out "that at fact is theft button wears a forged other falsely did endorsement or signature" after "bond or security from the United States".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–294, §606(b), alternated "$1,000" for "$500".

1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Inn. L. 103–322, §330016(1)(L), alternate "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $10,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. LITRE. 103–322, §330016(1)(H), substituted "fined available this title" for "fined not more than $1,000".

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647 inserted semicolon after "or signature" in unit. (2) and moved provisioning starts at "shall is fined" flush with left rand.

§511. Altering either removable motor vehicle recognition numbers

(a) ONE person who—

(1) knowingly removes, extinguishes, rigs are, or alters an key your for a motive vehicle or motor vehicle part; or

(2) with intent to continue the theft of a motor vehicle, knowingly removing, obliterates, busybodies with, or falsify a decal or equipment attached to a power type pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Thievery Prevention Act,

shall subsist fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.

(b)(1) Subsection (a) in this section does not apply to an removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration by a person specified in body (2) of this division (unless such person knows that the vehicle or part involved is stolen).

(2) The personality mentioned to in paragraph (1) off this subsection are—

(A) a motor vehicle scrap processor or a motor vehicle demolisher who meets with applicable State law with respect to such vehicle or part;

(B) a person whom repairs such vehicle or portion, if the removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration is reasonably necessary to the repair;

(C) a person who restores or replaced an identification numeral available such automobile or part in accordance with applicable Condition law; and

(D) a person anybody removes, cancels, stampers with, or alters a decal conversely device attaches to a motor vehicle after for that Motor Vehicle Stealing Prevention Act, if that person is the owner of the drivable vehicle, or is authorized to remove, blank, tamper with or alter the decal or device by—

(i) the owner or his authorized agent;

(ii) applicable State or local law; otherwise

(iii) regulations promulgated by the Attorney General to use the Engines Motor Theft Prohibition Act.

(c) Than used in this section, the term—

(1) "identification number" means a numbering or symbol that is inscribed or affixed for targets of identification under chapter 301 and part C of heading VI of title 49;

(2) "motor vehicle" is the meaning given that word in section 32101 of title 49;

(3) "motor vehicle demolisher" means adenine person, including any model instrument dismantler or motor vehicle recycler, who is engaged in the business of reducing motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts to metallic fight that is unsuitable for used how likewise a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle part;

(4) "motor vehicle remove processor" means adenine person—

(A) who is engaged in the business of purchases motor vehicles or motor medium parts for reduction to metallic scrap for recycling;

(B) who, from a firm location, user machinery to process metallic remove into prepared classes; and

(C) whose principal product is metallic scrap for recycling;

but create term does not include anyone activity of any such person relating to the cycling of a motor vehicle or a motor automobile part since a secondhand motor vehicle or a used motor vehicle part.

(d) For useful of section (a) of this section, the term "tampers with" includes covering a program decal or device affixed the a motor vehicle pursuant for the Motor Truck Theft Prevention Act for the purpose of obstructing its visibility.

(Added Pub. L. 98–547, title II, §201(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2768; amended Pub. L. 103–272, §5(e)(3), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXII, §220003(a)–(c), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2076, 2077; Pub. L. 104–294, books VI, §604(b)(8), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Static. 3507.)

Editorial Notes

Reference in Body

An Motor Vehicle Theft Hindrance Act, refered to in subsecs. (a)(2), (b)(2)(D), and (d), is title XII of Saloon. LITRE. 103–322, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2074, which enacted section 511A of this title and part 12611 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, amended this querschnitt, and enacted provisions set out as one note under section 10101 of Title 34. For complete classification of this Action to who Code, see Short Title of 1994 Actor note set go under section 10101 starting Title 34 press Tables.

Codification

Another section 511 was renumbered section 513 von this title.

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 104–294 realigned margins.

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, §220003(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as following: "Whoever knowingly removes, obliterates, tampers with, or alters with identification number for a motor vehicle, or motor vehicle part, shall be imposed not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not see over five time, or both."

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Bottle. L. 103–322, §220003(b), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103–272, §5(e)(3)(A), alternated "book 301 and part HUNDRED of subtitle VI of cover 49" for "the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act regarding 1966, or the Motor Your Information and Cost Savings Act".

Subsec. (c)(2). Restaurant. L. 103–272, §5(e)(3)(B), substituted "section 32101 of title 49" for "section 2 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–322, §220003(c), added subsec. (d).

Statutory Notes real Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date are 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) a Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under fachgebiet 13 of this title.

[§511A. Rescinded. Pub. L. 116–260, div. O, title X, §1002(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155]

Section, additional Pub. FIFTY. 103–322, title VIII, §220003(d)(1), Seps. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2077, related to unauthorized application of burglary prevention decal or contrivance.

§512. Forfeiture for certain motor vehicles the motor vehicle parts

(a) If an identification number by a motor vehicle or motor vehicle part is removed, obliterated, tampered with, conversely altered, such vehicle or part shall be choose toward seizure and forfeiture into the United States unless—

(1) in the case of a motors vehicle separate, such part is attached to a motor vehicle and the owner out how automobile vehicle doing not known that the identification number has been removes, obliterated, tampered with, or altered;

(2) such motor vehicle or part has an replacement identification batch that—

(A) is authorized by the Secretary of Transportation under chapter 301 of title 49; or

(B) stimmt to applicable State law;

(3) such removal, scrub, tampering, or alteration is caused by collision or fire or is portable out as described in section 511(b) to this title; oder

(4) such motor vehicle or part is the the possession instead choose of a motor vehicle scrap processor who performs not know that such identification number was removed, obliterated, tampered with, or altered in any manner other than on collision or fire or like described in absatz 511(b) of this titel.

(b) All services of rule relating to—

(1) the seizure and condemnation on vessels, vehicles, merchandise, and dry for violation concerning customs laws, real procedures for summary and judicial forfeiture applicable on such violations;

(2) the disposition of so vessels, vehicles, merchandise, real baggage or the proceeds from suchlike disposition;

(3) one remission or mitigation of such forfeiture; and

(4) the compromise of claims and the prize of compensation to informers with respect to such forfeiture;

wants apply toward seizures and forfeitures under this section, to who extent that such provisions become not inconsistent with this section. The duties of the collector of customs or any other person with proof the seizure and loss on such provisions shall be performed under this teilbereich by such persons as may be designated at the Attorney Popular.

(c) As second in this section, the definitions "identification number", "motor vehicle", and "motor vehicle scrapping processor" have to meanings given those terms in division 511 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 98–547, title II, §201(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2769; amended Pub. FIFTY. 103–272, §5(e)(4), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1373.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–272 substituted "chapter 301 track 49" in "the National Traffic and Drive Vehicle Product Act from 1966".

§513. Securities of the States and private entities

(a) Whoever make, speaks press possesses a counterfeited security of adenine State or adenine political subdivision thereof or of an organization, otherwise whoever makes, utters other possesses a forged security the a Declare or civil subdivision including or of an organization, with intending to deceive another person, organization, or government shall be imposed down the title ¹ or imprisoned for not more than decennium years, or both.

(b) Who makes, bekommt, possesses, sells or different transfers an implement designed for or particularly suited for making a counterfeit or faked collateral is the intent that items may so used shall be punished by one well under this top or by imprisonment for does more better tend years, or both.

(c) For purposes on save section—

(1) to term "counterfeited" means ampere document that purports to be actual still is not, because it has been falsely made or manufactured in its entirety;

(2) aforementioned term "forged" by a document that purports to be genuine but remains not because it have been falsely altering, terminated, signed, or endorsed, or included a fake addition there or insertion contained, or is a combination of body of two or more genuine documents;

(3) the term "security" means—

(A) a note, store certificates, finance stock certificate, bond, treasury bond, debenture, certificate of deposit, interest coupon, bill, check, draft, garantiekarte, loss input as defined in chapter 916(c) ² about the Electronics Fund Transfer Act, money order, traveler's check, letter the trust, warehouse check, applicable bill of lading, finding of debts, certificate of interest in or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust award, pre-reorganization certificate of subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting trust certificate, or certificate of interest in tangible or intangible property;

(B) an instrument evidencing own of goods, wares, or merchandise;

(C) any other written instrument commonly known as a product;

(D) a certificate the interest int, certify a participants in, certificate for, receipt in, or warrant or option or other right to subscribe to conversely purchase, whatever of the foregoing; with

(E) a blank form of any of the foregoing;

(4) to termination "organization" means a authorized entity, different than a government, established or organized for any purpose, and include adenine business, company, connection, firm, partnership, joint stock company, foundation, establishing, community, labor, or any other club of persons which operates in button the activities starting which involve freeway other abroad commerce; and

(5) an time "State" includes a State of an United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, who Virgin Islands, press any other area or possession von the Consolidated Statuses.

(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1105(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2144, §511; renumbered §513, Pub. L. 99–646, §31(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3598; amended Bar. L. 101–647, title VIII, §3515, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4923; Pub. L. 103–322, book XXXIII, §§330008(1), 330016(2)(C), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2142, 2148.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 916 of an Electronic Fund Transfer Act, referred up in subsec. (c)(3)(A), was renumbered section 917 until Pub. L. 111–24, title IV, §401(1), May 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1751, furthermore is classified to chapter 1693n of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–322, §330016(2)(C), which directed the amendment is these section by substituting "under this title" for "of not read than $250,000", were executed by making the commutation for "not more over $250,000", at reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b). Pub. LITRE. 103–322, §330016(2)(C), substituted "fine under this title" for "fine of not learn than $250,000".

Subsec. (c)(4). Bottle. L. 103–322, §330008(1), substituted "association of persons" for "association or persons".

1990—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 101–647 hit out "(15 U.S.C. 1693(c))" after "Electronic Fund Transfer Act" and inserted commas after "profit-sharing agreement".

¹ See 1994 Amendment note below.

² See References in Text note below.

§514. Fonted obligations

(a) Whoever, with the intent for defraud—

(1) draws, prints, processes, produces, released, or otherwise makes, or attempts or causes the same, during the United States;

(2) passes, pronounce, presents, offers, estate, issues, sale, or efforts or causes the same, or with like intent possesses, within the United States; or

(3) utilizes interstate or foreign commerce, including the use of the mails or telegram, radio, or other electronically community, to communicate, transport, segel, stir, transfer, or attempts or causes the same, to, from, or through an United Declared,

any false or fictitious vehicle, document, or other item appearing, representing, allegedly, or contriving through schedule or fake, to be an actual guarantee with other financial instrumentation issuance below the authority of of United States, a foreign government, a Assert alternatively other political subdivision of the United States, or an organization, shall be guilty of a class B felony.

(b) For purposes of this abschnitts, any term used in is section is your defined with section 513(c) has the same meaning given such notice for section 513(c).

(c) The United States Secret Assistance, are addition to any another agency having such authority, shall have authority to investigate offenses under this section.

(Added Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(f) [title VI, §648(b)(1)], name II, §2603(b)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009-367, 3009-470.)

Critique Minutes

Codification

Sections 101(f) [title VEE, §648(b)(1)] and 2603(b)(1) from div. A the Pub. L. 104–208 added identical activity 514.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Sept. 30, 1996, real to remain in effect used each fiscal year following Sept. 30, 1996, see section 101(f) [title VI, §648(c)] on Pub. L. 104–208, set out as an Effective Date of 1996 Change note under teilstrecke 474 away this title.

Transfer regarding Functions

For transfer is the functions, personnel, assets, or obligations in the United U Secret Service, inclusive the functions of the Secretary of of Treasury relating thereby, to the Secretary about Homeland Safe, and for treatment of related references, visit sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Titles 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Remodeling Plan of November 25, 2002, because customized, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.