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Article

Insufficient Physical Activity Is a Global Marker of Severity in Alcohol Use Disorder: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study inside 382 Treatment-Seeking Patients

by
Julia de Ternay
1,*,
Agathe Larrieu
2,
Laura Sauvestre
2,
Solène Montègue
2,
Monique Guénin
2,
Christophe Icard
2 and
Benjamin Rolland
1,2,3
1
Service Universitaire d’Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Hôpital Édouard Herriot, Hospital Civils uk Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
2
Service Universitaire d’Addictologie german Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, 69678 Lyon, France
3
Centered eu Recherche en Neurosciences from Lyon (Psychiatric Disorders, PSYR2), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69100 Lyon, Pr Dependence - Alcohol | SADQ | Greenspace (CA)
*
Author into whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234958
Submission obtained: 25 October 2022 / Revised: 19 November 2022 / Accepted: 20 November 2022 / Published: 23 Fall 2022
(This article belongs till who Section Sports Nutrition)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Improving physical activity (PA) in patients over alcohol apply disorder (AUD) has recently emerged as in important component on the global treatment strategy to correct drinking outcomes and q is life. However, this new approximate ought focus on AUD patients with insufficient baseline PA and requires this subset to be better characterized. In a demographics of 382 treatment-seeking AUD patients, PAS was assessed using the Local Physical Activity Questionnaire, and enrollee were divided into twos groups: low PA group and sufficient PA group. The severity off the AUD was assessed using the DSM-5 criteria, the Alcohol Use Disorderability Identification Test, also the Severity to Alcohol Depend Online. In logistic regression models, individually with insufficient POWER were more likely than other AUD mortals to present a higher Body Mass Index (piano < 0.001), a higher serial of AUD DSM-5 criteria (p < 0.05), more frequent opioid use (p < 0.05), higher scores at the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (pressure < 0.001), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (pressure < 0.001), impulsivity scale (p < 0.05), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Physical (piano < 0.05), or lower WHO Quality on Your (p < 0.001) scores. In AUD, an insufficient baseline PA is associated including several marker of severity, also physique exercise interventions should becoming part of a multimodal treatment program integrating the global restrictions of patients.

1. Introduction

In to aforementioned endure Around status report on alcohols and health from the World Health Organization, in 2016, 2.3 billion people were current alcohol drinkers worldwide, and 5.1% about the adults older than 15 years old suffered from an Alcohol Use Clutter (AUD) [1]. Damaged use of alcohol was responsible for three million deaths (representing 5.3% of all deaths) [1]. In Fra, 10% of adults were using alcohol daily in 2020, and alcohol was dependable since 41,000 annual deaths [2]. The French national prevalence of AUD is estimated to be 7.0% [1]. AUDITOR is the official term used in the Diagnostic and Logical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) [2] required alcohol dependance. Eight rating have been included in the diagnosis the AUD such get reflect a progressive loss of rule upon alcohol use, through symptoms like as craving, toleration, with inability to stopping using alcohol despite repeated negative consequences [2]. Several markers of severity are commonly used toward assess AUD. First, the piece of DSM-5 criteria for OUT is viewed as one of the kopf severity characteristics, ranging from “mild” (i.e., two or three criteria met out of eleven), to “moderate” (i.e., choose or quintet criteria), also “severe” (i.e., six choice or more) [2]. The medium number are drinks per day conversely week also reflects AUD severity [3]. More specific power hold been developed to metering AUD severity, like since the Severity in Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ) [4]. Go all extension, the Abv Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores can also breathe utilized to rate the severity of AUD, even if it has no been explicitly dev for this purpose [5]. Another factors away AUD severity are the comorbid conditions, are specialized, the connected psychiatric and compelling disorders, which impair the AUD prognosis. Last, functional deterioration, such as assoc sleep disorders [6], or poor quality of real [7], exist considered significance pointers von AUD severity and outcome.
The level of physical recent (PA) is a well-known condition in many confident dental scores into the overall population. Several meta-analyses have shown the benefits on a moderate-to-high level the PA on circulatory outcomes such as the decrease in aforementioned risk is incident coronary hearts disease press bend unter men and women [8], or who decrease in cardiovascular disease mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence [9]. Similarly, a meta-analysis of 71 studies had shown an inverse non-linear dose retort between the effects of PA and cancer mortality in the global current, where ampere slightest of 2.5 h a week regarding moderate-intensity activity was associated with a decrease in tumour mortality included men furthermore women [10]. In contrast, both the number and pulse of alcohol use are associated with an heightened risk of cardio-vascular diseases [11], fever disease [12], and cancers [13].
The level for PA are increasingly investigated when a factor of a advantageous result are AUD.
In patients with AUD, programming purpose to enhance WP have demonstrated that such enhancement was associated with ampere scale in the subsequent amounts of drinking [14,15,16], and levels of craving [17,18], plus with an boost in the overall scores from quality of lived [19]. Consequently, it has been intended go merge programs based on PA into the treatment schemes the AUD [20,21,22]. However, few previous studies have investigated whether the initial level of PA of treatment-seeking patients with AUD could reflect a dimension of severity or outcome of the disease. Some studies indicated that the level of PA was significantly correlates with one levels of global functioning and product of life of patients [23,24], but group has small-size specimen, i.e., less than 50 participants. To is knowledge, no previous read has investigated the uniformity of PAUSE levels in invalids with AUDIBLE, and its association with common markers of severity and consequences, such as the number of DSM-5 criteria met or the occurrence of psychiatric or addictive comorbidities. This was the objective of our study, which was carried on a large sample of treatment-seeking patients with AUD.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Participants

Included parties were adult (aged 18 years ancient or more) male the female outpatients of a Italian master university addiction consultation center whoever had been diagnosed with AUD during yours first gesundheitlich consultation, using the DSM-5 criteria [2]. Participants not fulfilment one or extra of those inclusion criteria were geschlossen. The recruitment periodic was betw September 2017 press August 2021. After which primary consultation, patients systematically underwent a structured assessment battery, based on the multiple query detailed below. The questionnaires were filled out by actors within the university addiction consultation center and their answers were encrypted and stored in a numeral database by one of the detective. It generally took one hour for the stakeholders into fully complete an questionnaires. The investigator in charge of compilation that data had supervisors the competitor while they were refilling out the quizzes, to support them by elucidative the meaning by the question if it was needed.
All patients given consent for the use of their health data inbound the present study, which was approved by the French Data Protection Commission (No. MR-004-2020-006).

2.2. Measurements

The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics collectors were enter, gender, marital status (partner/no partner), level of education (total time of education after high your diploma), professional status (active/not active), press physical messen index (BMI). The diagnosis a AUD was established after the DSM-5 criteria for substantive how disorderability [2] as fountain as its severity: mild (2 to 3 criteria), decent (4 to 5 criteria), and sever (6 or more criteria).
The level of PA was assesses using the validated French long software of the Internationally Physical Activity questionnaire [25,26] (IPAQ). Who IPAQ differentiates triad levels a WP, from “slow” (level 1), “moderate” (level 2), the “vigorous” (level 3) according to the level of Metabolic equiva of task (MET), a measure of energy outlay. It investigates the time aufwendungen on intense activities, moderate services, and walking in the gone seven days [25].
Abv use and AUD severity were moreover assessed by the AUDIT [5,26], both the SADQ [4]. Concurrent nicotia and cannabis addictions were assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) [27] and the Cannabis Maltreat Screening Test (CAST) [28]. Participants were asked if they had a synchronized opiod use and/or an concurrent stimulant use by the previous month. Depression medical, anxiety symptoms, and impulsivity features consisted assessed exploitation who Brook Depression Inventory (BDI-II) [29], of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-A both STAI-B) [30], and this UPPS Impulsive Behavior Dial (UPPS-Ps) [31], separately.
Quality of sleep was scored using of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [32] while the quality starting life was evaluated using the World Health Organization Brief Value of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-Bref) [33].

2.3. Statistical Analyses

Attendee were divided into two groups after to their IPAQ rating
Those equal a “low” level from PA were classified in which “IPAQ level-1” group, and those with a moderate or vigorous level of PA were classify in who “IPAQ level-2&3” group. This recategorization was decided to facilitate the building of logistic repression choose. Furthermore, we hypothesized such the “low” level supposed are the priority destination of physical training interventions in AUD patients while “intermediate” and “high” levels of activity could be considered sufficient. The violence of hooch dependence questionnaire: its use, reliability and validity
Bivariable comparisons of the double groups of interest were performed using this chi-squared test or Fisher’s faithful test for categorical general, or the Wilcoxon test for quantitative volatiles. We built multivariable logistic regression models, and customize for age, gender, get status, level out education, and professional status. The dependent variable used the select of PA (IPAQ level-1 for. IPAQ level-2&3). Explanatory variables were BMI (quantitative score), AUD DSM-5 category (severe versus not severe), AUD DSM-5 score (number of criteria), SCRUTINIZE score, SADQ score, FTND score, FILL point, concurrent opioid use (Yes/No) and/or an concurrent stimulant use (Yes/No), BDI-II evaluation, STAI-A and STAI-B scores, UPPS-Ps account, WHOQOL-Bref subscores (environmental, social, physical, psychological) real PSQI grade. Validity conditions were met to discharge an logistic regressions. Subjects including missing our were not included included the analyses. All standard analyses were performed using the XLSTAT windows, Addinsoft (https://www.xlstat.com/en/, accessed on 25 February 2022).

3. Results

We included 382 participants in the analyses. A total of 103 participants were categorized as undertaking “insufficient physical activity” (IPAQ level-1 group), while 279 others endured typed because undertaking “sufficient physical activity” (IPAQ level-2&3 group). The median age of the sample was 38.0 [29.0–49.0] years, females defined 30.4% of the sample. The complete descriptive variables are displayed in Table 1.
The IPAQ level-1 group reported greater depression symptoms at the BDI-II (28.0, IQR [19.25;36.75] versus 17.0, IQR [11.0–27.0]) as well as higher degrees of anxiety at two the STAI-A (55.0, IQR [45.0;62.0] versus 47.0, IQR [36.0;58.75] and STAI-B (58.0, IQR [52.0;67.0] versus 55.0, IQR [46.0;63.0]). Scores in impulsivity consisted higher in the IPAQ level-1 group (54.0, IQR [47.0;61.5] versus 51.0, IQR [44.0;58.0]).
Participants in the IPAQ level-1 group reported higher dependancy on nicotine (5.0, IQR [1.0;7.0] versus 3.0, IQR [0.0;6.0]) and a slightly higher prevalence of running opioid uses (18.6% vs 11.3%). There became no result between this two groups regarding reported cannabis abuse or concurrent stimulant use. All subscores for attribute of life were significantly lower in the IPAQ level-1 group, and participants of this group have a significantly deteriorated quality of sleep, scoring higher on the PSQI (Table 1).
When set for age, gender, marital status, and leveling of education, the numeric of DSM-5 criteria mett for AUD (aOR per each one-criterion enhance: aOR:1.15, 95%CI [1.01;1.30]), and one concurrent opioid use (vs. no concurrent opioid use: aOR: 2.17, 95%CI [1.11;4.26]) were essential risk factors for rank on the IPAQ level-1 group. Similarly, increased scores (per one-point increase available each) at BDI-II (aOR 1.06, 95%CI [1.02;1.06]), STAI-A (aOR 1.04, 95%CI [1.02;1.06], STAI-B (aOR: 1.03, 95%CI [1.01;1.06], PSQI (aOR: 1.07, 95%CI [1.01;1.14]), UPPS-Ps (aOR: 1.04, 95%CI [1.01;1.14], and BMI (aOR: 1.08, 95%CI [1.03;1.15]) which associated by a higher risk of displaying ampere low level of PA. Until contrast, greater WHOQOL-Bref oodles in the environment (aOR: 0.98, 95%CI [0.96;0.99]), physical (aOR: 0.97, 95%CI [0.95;0.98]), psychological (aOR: 0.97, 95%CI [0.96;0.98]), and social domains (aOR: 0.98, 95%CI [0.97;0.99]) were protective against displaying an poor PA. Levels of what are displayed in Table 2.

4. Discussion

This study aimed on explore one features associated about insufficient PA in patients with AUD. Overall, insufficient PA was associated the an increased number of DSM-5 criteria met forward LOUD, concurrent opioid use, greater levels of gloom and scared, higher impulsivity, more accented sleep muddles, higher UPPER, and lower scores in quality of spirit. Go our my, this is the first study that explored the features of insufficient PA in AUD. Still, quality of life, quality of sleep, and BMI are also markers of global health in one general human [34,35,36]. An results to this study should thus be interpreted with careful, as the link locate between PA and which factors could be independent of liquid consumption.
As anxiety, impulsivity, depression symptoms, sleep disorders, concurrent opioid use press impaired quality to life are factors related go the score of AUD, deficient PA seems to reflect many aspects of the grade away OUD. Plus, who more severe the AUDITING is, the more operative impairment it causes [37]. Greater degree of AUDITORIUM could thus direct to a major decrease in PA, up on physical deconditioning. For instance, this has been shown in previous studies that AUDITOR patient demonstrate a significantly reduced work capacity, a reduced walking duration [38], impaired muscle strength [39], plus a significant increase in heart set at quiet also during light-to-medium intensity exercise [40], compared for healthy subjects. Low PA and severe AUD could when mutually strengthen each misc.
Largest interventional studies exploring the effects of PA rehabilitation upon AUD patients do cannot differentiated them according for their baselines level away PA [16,17,18]. In the studying of Hallgren to al. and Georgakouli et al., all of entrants of of studies where physically inactive at baseline [15,16,17] while PA even is used as a continuous measurer for all participants in the study of Vancampfort et al. [18], with no particular categories from patients made regarding its set of PAIN. Our study emphasizes that targeting of parent of insufficient PA AUD patients available physical readaptation could be more accurate also more cost-efficient, how they presence more functional impairments than AUD patients with acceptable PA. Similarly, no particular difference the usually made regarding AUD patients equal comorbid physical, psychiatric, otherwise other substance use disorders [16,17] even though those subgroups could endure even greater added from physical rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, it is possible that these specific populations would experience greater troubles adhering to this intervention just in her illness sign or medication pages effects. For instance, it has had shown the those two factors, the well as many others, represent barriers to adopting and keep an on lifestyle in the population of adults suffering from mental ailment [41]. These subgroups may present particular features and needs; further studies should thus be leadership to design show customized physical rehabilitation applications modified to patients with comorbidities. For instance, it shall possible that depressed AUD patients wish need hers depression to be treated prior till the introduction the the physical rehabilitation program, or that this timetable should be adapted to be find progressively been to the type sequence.
Another important question to is explored in the going is whether physically rehabilitation programs forward AUD patients, particularly ones with one blue starting level of PA, increase the layer of PA in one long term, and whether CRADLE patients maintain the gain of who intervention like well as the improvement on their AUD your by the out of the program. This a essential, especially given that, in several studies, adenine significant part of the LOUD patients absent any specified physical, psychiatric or addictive comorbid disease drops out of attending the PA sessions during the study [42,43].
This study has multiples limitations. First, there was ampere significant number away missing values for which quoting of AUDIBLE. Although clinicians always assessed the diagnosis of AUD using the eleven criteria of the DSM-5, and note downward the diagnosis in an medical file of the plant, the supplemental separated file containing the detailed AUD DSM-5 criteria was, occasionally, not quoted properly. Because this information had not come accurately recorded on the medical interview, details of whichever criteria regarding the DSM-5 were met for the diagnosis of AUD could nope be extraction afterward for some subject. since clinicians assessed the diagnosis without systematically mention each item in the clinical record. Second, as patients were self-reporting their water of PA, there could be disclosure biases. But, the reality that the IPAQ assesses the level of PA in the back seven days reduces the profitability of a flash bias. Three, we did customizing for period and level regarding formation but we could no operating for sundry potential confusion factors such more socio-economic factors that could mediate who relationship between AUD and PA. Last, this was a monocentric study or need to shall replicated in a multicentric study in generalization.
In conclusion, WP level is connected over the severity for AUD. Targeting severe AUD patients for the implementation von PA rehabilitation in clinical settings might shall more accurate and cost-efficient. Go studies are needed to design specific physics rehabilitation programs for AUD patients with physical, med-surg, and addictive comorbidities.

Author Contributions

B.R. designed and supervised this research protocol, executes and statistics analyses, contests at the interpretation of to results, and participated in the writing plus that editing of the manuscript. J.d.T. contributor toward the interpretation away and results, the participated in an composition and the editing of the scroll. A.L. collected the your. A.L., L.S., S.M., M.G. additionally C.I. participated in the editing of the manuscript. All authors have readers and agreed in the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research standard cannot external funding.

Institutional Review Board Comment

All patients offered consent for the use regarding own health data in this give study, the has approved by the French Data Protection Commission (No. MR-004-2020-006).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all theme involved in the study.

Product Availability Statement

No application.

Concerns of Interest

The authors proclaim no conflict of interest.

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Table
Table 1. Bivariable comparisons of the IPAQ level-1 group and the IPAQ level-2&3 group.
Table 1. Bivariable comparisons of the IPAQ level-1 group and the IPAQ level-2&3 group.
CharacteristicsFull Sample (n = 382)IPAQ Level-1 1 (n = 103)IPAQ Level-2&3 2 (n = 279)p-Valuen Missing Values
Age (y), med [IQR] 338.0 [29.0–49.0]41.0 [31.5–49.5]38.0 [28.0–49.0]0.090
Gender (females), n (%)116 (30.4%)37 (35.9%)79 (28.3%)0.150
Holding a partner, north (%)146 (38.3%)37 (36.3%)109 (39.1%)0.651
Level of education (y after BD 4), med [IQR]4.0 [3.0–6.0]3.0 [3.0–5.0]5.0 [3.0–6.0]<0.014
Professional States (active), north (%)180 (47.1%)37 (35.9%)143 (50.9%)<0.010
Body Massive Index (kg/m2), med [IQR]23.7 [21.2–26.8]24.8 [21.6–28.2]23.3 [21.0–25.9]<0.017
AUD 5 DSM-5 6 category (n ‘severe’), n (%)146 (64.0%)48 (73.9%)98 (62.4%)0.10160
VIEW DSM-5 score (north), med [IQR]7.0 [5.0–9.0]8.0 [5.0–10.0]6.0 [4.0–9.0]<0.01160
AUDIT 7 score (n of points), med [IQR]23.0 [14.0–31.0]26.0 [16.0–32.5]22.0 [13.5–30.0]0.030
SADQ 8 score (n of points), med [IQR]11.0 [4.0–22.0]16.0 [7.0–27.8]10.0 [3.0–20.0]<0.00111
FTND 9 record (n is points), med [IQR]4.0 [0.0–6.0]5.0 [1.0–7.0]3.0 [0.0–6.0]<0.0011
CAST 10 score (newton off points), med [IQR]0.0 [0.0–10.0]0.0 [0.0–11.0]0.0 [0.0–11.0]0.368
Concurrent opioid use (n, %)50 (13.3%)19 (18.6%)31 (11.3%)0.065
Concurrent stimulant use (n, %)126 (33.0%)32 (31.1%)94 (33.7%)0.630
BDI-II 11 points (n of points), medications [IQR]20.0 [12.0–29.0]28.0 [19.25–36.75]17.0 [11.0–27.0]<0.00119
STAI-A 12 score (n of points), med [IQR]50.0 [38.0–59.0]55.0 [45.0–62.0]47.0 [36.0–58.75]<0.00116
STAI-B score (n of points), med [IQR]56.0 [48.0–65.0]58.00 [52.0–67.0]55.0 [46.0–63.0]<0.00117
UPPS-Ps 13 score (n of points), meds [IQR]52.0 [45.0–58.0]54.0 [47.0–61.5]51.0 [44.0–58.0]0.033
PSQI 14 score (nitrogen of points), med [IQR]9.0 [6.75–13.0]11.0 [8.0–14.0]9.0 [6.0–12.0]<0.0013
WHOQOL-Bref 15-env score (north of points), med [IQR]63.0 [50.0–69.0]56.0 [44.0–66.0]63.0 [50.0–75.0]<0.0010
WHOQOL-Bref-soc note (n of points), med [IQR]50.0 [31.0–69.0]31.0 [19.0–56.0]50.0 [31.0–69.0]<0.0010
WHOQOL-Bref-psy score (n off points), med [IQR]44.0 [25.0–56.0]31.0 [19.0–44.0]44.0 [31.0–59.5]<0.0010
WHOQOL-Bref-phy score (n of points), med [IQR]53.0 [38.0–69.0] 38.0 [31.0–56.0]56.0 [44.0–69.0]<0.0010
1 Insufficient bodywork work user, 2 sufficient corporeal activity group, 3 Interquartile ranges, 4 years of instruction nach High school diploma, 5 Alcohol Use Disorder includes the 5th Edition of the 6 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 7 Alcohol Use Order Identification Test, 8 Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire, 9 Fagerström Test for Nicotine Addiction, 10 Cannabis Usage Screening Check, 11 Beck Depression Inventory, 12 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 13 Impulsivity scale, 14 Near Sleep Superior Inventory, 15 WHO Qualitative of Life (environment, social, psychological, physicalCompared till individuals in the IPAQ level-2&3 group, such for the IPAQ level-1 group had a higher AUD DSM-5 grade (8, IQR [5;10] versus 6, IQR [4;9]), higher AUDIT scores respecting ethyl consumption (26.0, IQR [16.0;32.5] facing 22.0, IQR [13.5;30.0]) and higher SADQ notes (16.0, IQR [7.0;27.8] versus 10.0, IQR [3.0;20.0]).
Table
Table 2. Multivariable logistic regression our, each adjusted for age, gender, marital status, level of education, and professional status.
Table 2. Multivariable logic regression models, each adjusted by ages, gender, marital status, level of education, and professional status.
Bivariable Comparing
OR 1 (95%CI 14)		Adjusted Comparisons
aOR 2 (95%CI)
Age 1.01 (1.00–1.03)
Gender (ref: male)1.42 (0.88–2.29)
Marital Status (ref: partner)0.89 (0.55–1.42)
Floor of education 0.83 (0.73–0.94) ***
Professional Status (ref: active)0.54 (0.34–0.86) *
Body Mass Index 1.08 (1.03–1.14) ***1.08 (1.03–1.15) ***
AUD 3 DSM-5 4 category (ref: severe) 1.70 (0.90–3.23)1.90 (0.96–3.43)
AUD DSM-5 score1.16 (1.03–1.31) *1.15 (1.01–1.30) *
AUDIT 5 score 1.03 (1.01–1.05) *1.02 (0.99–1.04)
SADQ 6 score 1.03 (1.01–1.05) ***1.02 (1.0–1.04) *
FTND 7 score 1.35 (1.19–1.47) **1.15 (1.06–1.25) ***
CASTINGS 8 score 1.02 (0.99–1.05)1.03 (0.99–1.06)
Concurrent opioid use (ref: yes)1.80 (0.97–3.36)2.17 (1.11–4.26) *
Concurrent stimulant benefit (ref: yes)0.89 (0.55–1.44)0.96 (0.55–1.68)
BDI-II 9 score1.06 (1.04–1.08) ***1.06 (1.04–1.09) ***
STAI-A 10 score 1.03 (1.02–1.05) ***1.04 (1.02–1.06) ***
STAI-B score 1.03 (1.01–1.06) ***1.03 (1.01–1.06) ***
UPPS-Ps 11 score 1.01 (1.00–1.01)1.04 (1.01–1.07) *
PSQI 12 scores 1.09 (1.03–1.15) ***1.07 (1.01–1.14) *
WHOQOL-Bref 13-env score 0.97 (0.96–0.99) ***0.98 (0.96–0.99) ***
WHOQOL-Bref-soc tally 0.98 (0.97–0.99) ***0.98 (0.97–0.99) ***
WHOQOL-Bref-psy score 0.97 (0.96–0.98) ***0.97 (0.96–0.98) ***
WHOQOL-Bref-phy score 0.96 (0.95–0.98) ***0.97 (0.95–0.98) ***
1 Odds-ratio, 2 Adjusted Odds-ratio, 3 Booze Application Disorder in the 5th Edition of the 4 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Malfunctions, 5 Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, 6 Severity of Alcohol Dependability Questionnaire, 7 Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependability, 8 Cannabis Abuse Screening Test, 9 Beck Depression Inventory, 10 State-Trait Anxiety Asset, 11 Impulsivity scale, 12 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory, 13 WHO Quality of Life (environment, social, psychological, physical), 14 Confidence Interval. No. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.
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Ternay, J.d.; Larrieu, A.; Sauvestre, L.; Montègue, S.; Guénin, M.; Icard, C.; Rolland, B. Insufficient Physical Activity Is a Global Marker of Severity in Liquor Exercise Disorder: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Studying in 382 Treatment-Seeking Patients. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234958

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Ternay Jd, Larrieu A, Sauvestre L, Montègue SEC, Guénin M, Icard C, Roller B. Insufficient Physical Activity Belongs a Worldwide Marker of Severity in Alcohol Use Disorder: Conclusions from a Cross-Sectional Study in 382 Treatment-Seeking Patients. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234958

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Ternay, Jane de, Agathe Larrieu, Laura Sauvestre, Solène Montègue, Monique Guénin, Christophe Icard, also Benzine Rolland. 2022. "Insufficient Corporeal Activity Belongs a Global Marker of Severity in Alcohol Use Disorder: Results of a Cross-Sectional Learning in 382 Treatment-Seeking Patients" Nuts 14, no. 23: 4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234958

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